Solid electrolytes hold great promise for enabling the use of Li metal anodes. The main problem is that during cycling, Li can infiltrate along grain boundaries and cause short circuits, resulting in ...potentially catastrophic battery failure. At present, this phenomenon is not well understood. Here, through electron microscopy measurements on a representative system, Li7La3Zr2O12, we discover that Li infiltration in solid oxide electrolytes is strongly associated with local electronic band structure. About half of the Li7La3Zr2O12 grain boundaries were found to have a reduced bandgap, around 1–3 eV, making them potential channels for leakage current. Instead of combining with electrons at the cathode, Li+ ions are hence prematurely reduced by electrons at grain boundaries, forming local Li filaments. The eventual interconnection of these filaments results in a short circuit. Our discovery reveals that the grain-boundary electronic conductivity must be a primary concern for optimization in future solid-state battery design.Solid electrolytes are promising for enabling the use of Li metal anodes but Li infiltration along grain boundaries can lead to battery failure. Li infiltration in a model solid oxide electrolyte is now found to be strongly associated with local electronic band structure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To effectively prevent the ...development of CVDs in T2DM, considerable effort has been made to explore novel preventive approaches, individualized glycemic control and cardiovascular risk management (strict blood pressure and lipid control), together with recently developed glucose-lowering agents and lipid-lowering drugs. This review mainly addresses the important issues affecting the choice of antidiabetic agents and lipid, blood pressure and antiplatelet treatments considering the cardiovascular status of the patient. Finally, we also discuss the changes in therapy principles underlying CVDs in T2DM.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Significance: Photoacoustic (PA) imaging can provide structural, functional, and molecular information for preclinical and clinical studies. For PA imaging (PAI), non-ideal signal detection ...deteriorates image quality, and quantitative PAI (QPAI) remains challenging due to the unknown light fluence spectra in deep tissue. In recent years, deep learning (DL) has shown outstanding performance when implemented in PAI, with applications in image reconstruction, quantification, and understanding.
Aim: We provide (i) a comprehensive overview of the DL techniques that have been applied in PAI, (ii) references for designing DL models for various PAI tasks, and (iii) a summary of the future challenges and opportunities.
Approach: Papers published before November 2020 in the area of applying DL in PAI were reviewed. We categorized them into three types: image understanding, reconstruction of the initial pressure distribution, and QPAI.
Results: When applied in PAI, DL can effectively process images, improve reconstruction quality, fuse information, and assist quantitative analysis.
Conclusion: DL has become a powerful tool in PAI. With the development of DL theory and technology, it will continue to boost the performance and facilitate the clinical translation of PAI.
Abstract
The strength of a sandcastle is closely related to its shape and material.We developed a sand castle model of optimal sand-to water mixture proportion.The collected data were used to fit the ...regression linear equation and the statistical regression model was used to analyze the optimal water-sand ratio.Based on the sensitivity analysis, the consistency between the model and the reality is verified, and the robustness of the model is also verified.After the general shape of the sand castle is determined, the sand castle shape is optimized and adjusted taking the influence of rainfall into consideration.Based on the relationship between soil slope and infiltration rate and erosion rate,we divided the rainwater erosion sand castle into two stages: infiltration effect of different slopes on water-sand ratio and slope effect on erosion rate after water content saturation.After obtaining the optimal slope angles of two stages, the optimal precise 3d geometry was evaluated by AHP with the stability parameters and two slope angles.
Abstract
Li-ion-conducting chloride solid electrolytes receive considerable attention due to their physicochemical characteristics such as high ionic conductivity, deformability and oxidative ...stability. However, the raw materials are expensive, and large-scale use of this class of inorganic superionic conductors seems unlikely. Here, a cost-effective chloride solid electrolyte, Li
2
ZrCl
6
, is reported. Its raw materials are several orders of magnitude cheaper than those for the state-of-the-art chloride solid electrolytes, but high ionic conductivity (0.81 mS cm
–1
at room temperature), deformability, and compatibility with 4V-class cathodes are still simultaneously achieved in Li
2
ZrCl
6
. Moreover, Li
2
ZrCl
6
demonstrates a humidity tolerance with no sign of moisture uptake or conductivity degradation after exposure to an atmosphere with 5% relative humidity. By combining Li
2
ZrCl
6
with the Li-In anode and the single-crystal LiNi
0.8
Mn
0.1
Co
0.1
O
2
cathode, we report a room-temperature all-solid-state cell with a stable specific capacity of about 150 mAh g
–1
for 200 cycles at 200 mA g
–1
.
Graphene-based materials with aerogel structures were developed in recent years for various adsorption applications. In the present study, a hydrothermal process was developed to prepare graphene ...aerogel by using graphene oxide as a precursor, and the obtained aerogel was employed as a template for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Various techniques were employed to study the morphology, surface property and composition of aerogel samples. The results showed that CNTs were in-situ grown on the sheet of graphene aerogel, endowing the material a hierarchical structure with enhanced surface area and meso- and micro-scale pores. These improved properties made the hybrid aerogel a superior material for the selective adsorption of a variety of organics and oils from water.
A hybrid aerogel consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene was prepared. The growth of CNTs on the graphene sheets in the hybrid aerogel endowed the material a hierarchical structure with low density, excellent hydrophobicity and oleophilicity to the organic compounds. The aerogel can adsorb a variety of oily liquids with outstanding reusability. Display omitted
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score has been developed to identify patients at high risk for mortality or severe disease early during the course of acute pancreatitis. ...We aimed to undertake a meta-analysis to quantify the accuracy of BISAP score for predicting mortality and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).
We searched the databases of Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify studies using the BISAP score to predict mortality or SAP. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated from each study and were compared with the traditional scoring systems.
Twelve cohorts from 10 studies were included. The overall sensitivity of a BISAP score of ≥3 for mortality was 56% (95% CI, 53%-60%), with a specificity of 91% (95% CI, 90%-91%). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.65 (95% CI, 4.23-7.55) and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.41-0.56), respectively. Regarding the outcome of SAP, the pooled sensitivity was 51% (43%-60%), and the specificity was 91% (89%-92%). The pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios were 7.23 (4.21-12.42) and 0.56 (0.44-0.71), respectively. Compared with BISAP score, the Ranson criteria and APACHEⅡscore showed higher sensitivity and lower specificity for both outcomes.
The BISAP score was a reliable tool to identify AP patients at high risk for unfavorable outcomes. Compared with the Ranson criteria and APACHEⅡscore, BISAP score outperformed in specificity, but having a suboptimal sensitivity for mortality as well as SAP.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
As the first line of innate immune cells to migrate towards tumour tissue, neutrophils, can immediately kill abnormal cells and activate long-term specific adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the ...enzymes mediated elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) bioinspired by neutrophils can be a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we design a core-shell supramolecular hybrid nanogel via the surface phosphatase triggered self-assembly of oligopeptides around iron oxide nanoparticles to simulate productive neutrophil lysosomes. The cascade reaction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and chloroperoxidase (CPO) within the bioinspired nanogel can convert ROS in tumour tissue to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the subsequent singlet oxygen (
O
) species. Studies on both cells and animals demonstrate successful
O
-mediated cell/tumour proliferation inhibition, making this enzyme therapy capable for treating tumours without external energy activation.
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) refers to a type of arthritis manifested with chronic inflammation of spine joints. microRNAs (MiRNAs) have been identified as new therapeutic targets for inflammatory ...diseases. In this study, we evaluated the influence of microRNA‐96 (miR‐96) on osteoblast differentiation together with bone formation in a murine model of AS. The speculated relationship that miR‐96 could bind to sclerostin (SOST) was verified by dual luciferase reporter assay. After successful model establishment, the mice with AS and osteoblasts isolated from mice with AS were treated with mimics or inhibitors of miR‐96, or DKK‐1 (a Wnt signaling inhibitor). The effects of gain‐ or loss‐of‐function of miR‐96 on the inflammatory cytokine release (IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium nodule formation, along with the viability of osteoblasts were determined. It was observed that miR‐96 might target and regulate SOST. Besides, miR‐96 was expressed at a high level in AS mice while SOST expressed at a low level. TOP/FOP‐Flash luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR‐96 activated the Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, AS mice overexpressing miR‐96 exhibited increased contents of IL‐6, IL‐10 and TNF‐α, ALP activity, calcium nodule numbers, and viability of osteoblasts. In contrast, inhibition of miR‐96 resulted in suppression of the osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. In conclusion, the study implicates that overexpressing miR‐96 could improve osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in AS mice via Wnt signaling pathway activation, highlighting a potential new target for AS treatment.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Critical drawbacks, including sluggish redox kinetics and undesirable shuttling of polysulfides (Li2Sn, n = 4–8), seriously deteriorate the electrochemical performance of high‐energy‐density ...lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, these challenges are addressed by constructing an integrated catalyst with dual active sites, where single‐atom (SA)‐Fe and polar Fe2N are co‐embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphene (SA‐Fe/Fe2N@NG). The SA‐Fe, with plane‐symmetric Fe‐4N coordination, and Fe2N, with triangular pyramidal Fe‐3N coordination, in this well‐designed configuration exhibit synergistic adsorption of polysulfides and catalytic selectivity for Li2Sn lithiation and Li2S delithiation, respectively. These characteristics endow the SA‐Fe/Fe2N@NG‐modified separator with an optimal polysulfides confinement–catalysis ability, thus accelerating the bidirectional liquid–solid conversion (Li2Sn↔Li2S) and suppressing the shuttle effect. Consequently, a Li–S battery based on the SA‐Fe/Fe2N@NG separator achieves a high capacity retention of 84.1% over 500 cycles at 1 C (pure S cathode, S content: 70 wt%) and a high areal capacity of 5.02 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C (SA‐Fe/Fe2N@NG‐supported S cathode, S loading = 5 mg cm−2). It is expected that the outcomes of the present study will facilitate the design of high‐efficiency catalysts for long‐lasting Li–S batteries.
An integrated catalyst comprising single‐atom Fe and Fe2N composite sites, with dual‐tailed Fe–N coordination structures, co‐decorated on N‐doped graphene is successfully constructed and demonstrated. The catalyst optimizes the polysulfide absorption–catalysis behavior, thereby facilitating fast redox conversion and suppressing the shuttle effect. Consequently, the Li–S batteries exhibit high‐energy and long‐cycling stability.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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