In order to reduce carbon emissions and urban smog, the Chinese government has instituted a number of policies to promote the diffusion of new energy vehicles (NEVs), achieving remarkable results. ...This paper aims to quantify the effectiveness of various policies. After reviewing and quantifying the policies directly related to the sales and driving of NEVs in the past five years, we established a multivariate co-integration model and an error correction model to analyse the long- and short-term effects of these policies. The results demonstrate positive co-integration for the relationship between the NEV market share and the NEV purchase subsidy, tax exemption, the policy of restricting internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) purchase, and the abolishment of traffic restrictions for NEVs. China's unique policy of restricting ICEVs has in fact promoted NEV sales by adjusting the supply and demand to influence the consumers' choices. Finally, we found technology to still be a bottleneck factor in the NEV industry, and technological progress's effect on NEV diffusion is greater than the economic subsidy policy. Therefore, this study suggests that the funds being made available from the gradual reduction of the purchase subsidy should be transferred to research and development.
•China's recent incentive policies to promote the NEV industry have been effective.•China's unique restrictions on vehicle purchases have a significantly positive impact on NEV diffusion.•The impact of different method for vehicle purchasing restriction on NEV sales is different.•The resources gained from reducing subsidies should be used to encourage the R&D of technologies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The construction of public-access electric vehicle charging piles is an important way for governments to promote electric vehicle adoption. The endogenous relationships among EVs, EV charging piles, ...and public attention are investigated via a panel vector autoregression model in this study to discover the current development rules and policy implications from the historical panel data in China. Five policies related to EV charging piles, EV purchase subsidies, commercial land prices, and retail gasoline prices are controlled as exogenous variables in the model. The results indicate that EV and charging piles diffusion do interact, and public attention plays a nexus role in EV and charging piles deployment. Reducing the electricity rate is the most effective policy approach to promote EV charging piles. Subsidising the construction cost has an insignificant impact on charging piles diffusion in this study, and several possible reasons have been discussed. The promotion effect of direct-current charging piles on EV sales is twice that of alternating-current charging piles in the one-year simulation of our model. Increasing the number of EV charging piles has a significant impact on battery electric vehicle sales but not on plug-in hybrid electric vehicle sales.
•There is an interaction between EV sales and the number of public EVCPs.•Building DC charging piles has twice the impact on EVs sales as building AC piles.•The number of EVCPs has a significant impact on BEV sales.•Public attention is an important nexus in promoting the deployment of EVCPs.•Discounts on electricity bills are the most effective policy to promote EVCPs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The transport sector's promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) is an important tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The high monetary subsidies widely used to promote EV diffusion in many ...countries are not sustainable in the long term. Therefore, effective alternative incentives are needed as subsidies are gradually phased out. In this paper, consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for alternative incentives is studied based on a questionnaire survey. Using a discrete choice experiment, 1719 Chinese consumer questionnaires were collected. Consumers' WTP for nine alternative policies was calculated by applying the multinomial logit model and mixed logit model, and the mixed logit model is used as the main model of this study because of its better statistical performance. Finally, the relationship between the respondent heterogeneity and policy preferences was studied. The results show that alternative incentives can fill the gap produced by subsidy reductions. EV privileges like no restrictions on driving and purchases, which have the lowest implementation cost, are suitable for first- and second- tier cities. For second-tier cities, construction of more charging stations is the most appropriate choice. The heterogeneous features of the respondents, including cities of residence, type of vehicle owned, recognition of the environmental benefits of EVs, gender, and whether the family has children, had a significant impact on policy preferences.
•1719 consumers associated with electric vehicles were involved in the investigation.•The marginal WTP distribution of various policies ranges from 6833 to 29,540 CNY.•Replacing subsidies with alternative incentive policies is feasible.•Attributes related to EV charging are the most worrisome for petrol car owners.•Respondents in second-tier cities are concerned about increasing charging stations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
More and more attention has been given to the role of electric vehicles in reducing the economic cost and carbon emissions of the power system through the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode, as well as ...helping to integrate renewable energy power. The promotion of V2G mode needs to consider the effectiveness of policy costs, so it is urgent to estimate the potential benefits of V2G. In this paper, a multi-regional power dispatch and expansion model is constructed from the perspective of power system by taking China's plan to reach 1.2 billion kW of installed wind and photovoltaic power generation capacity in 2030 as an example, combining with the development planning of electric vehicles and power systems. The results show that by 2030, the implementation of unidirectional V2G and bidirectional V2G in China can reduce the total cost of power system by 2.02% and 2.08%, reduce the annual carbon emissions of the power system by 2.27% and 2.95%, and increase the total proportion of wind and photovoltaic power generation by 1.33% and 1.28% in the power mix. An increasing proportion of electric vehicles participate in V2G increases the proportion of new-installed wind generation and decreases that of photovoltaic power. Due to the high cost of battery degradation and the current power mix dominated by coal-fired generation, additional benefits of implementing bidirectional V2G over unidirectional V2G are limited.
•V2G reduces the total power cost, carbon emissions, and renewables' curtailment.•Increasing the proportion of EVs participating in V2G improves potential benefits.•V2G changes the proportion of newly installed wind and solar power generation.•V2G shifts the electricity production from high-cost areas to low-cost areas.•Additional benefits of bidirectional V2G over unidirectional V2G are limited.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A novel passenger vehicle credit trading model simulates policy transformation.•The dual-credit policy increases battery electric vehicles' market share.•The dual-credit policy advances mobility ...electrification by six years.•Adjusting credit and carryover rules extends trading validity by two more years.•The policy suits markets with ample electrification.
The unsustainable nature of electric vehicle (EV) purchase subsidies compels the automotive industry to seek more cost-effective policy tools to accelerate electrification, which warrants the examination of an emerging solution: the dual-credit policy to replace subsidies. The researchers in this study built an agent-based model with a credit trading mechanism for the passenger vehicle market to simulate bottom-up industry policy transformation in the medium to long term. The results indicate that the dual-credit policy favours the growth of battery electric vehicles while restraining the expansion of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). It accelerates electrification, with EV production surpassing that of ICEVs six years earlier than under subsidies. Additionally, the credit trading mechanism under the current conditions of the policy can remain effective for six years. If combined with credit supply regulatory measures, it can be extended by another two years. Notably, this policy suits markets with a mature electrification base.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
While prior studies of consumer preferences on electric vehicles (EVs) utilized stated preference (SP) or revealed preference (RP) data, this study examined consumer preferences for EVs through their ...online behaviour. Using big data and text mining technologies to explore large quantities of Chinese consumers’ online behaviour pertaining to EV selection, comparison, purchase inquiry, and comments, we found that EV prices, car classification and powertrain types were the most important factors influencing consumer response. In addition to general interests, we also noted application specific interests. For instance, we observed a preference for small battery electric vehicle (BEV) models with fast-charging batteries, which are well-suited to work commutes and daily life. By contrast, when examining plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), we noticed that consumers expressed a preference for sport utility vehicle (SUV) models. Finally, we found that in addition to price and technical specifications, EV aesthetics play a significant role in consumer choice. These conclusions are valuable for government agencies and EV manufacturers looking to promote EVs and address environmental pollution by appealing to consume interests.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•A green and scalable waste-free biorefinery was proposed.•Fractionation and functionalization were simultaneously achieved during pretreatment.•In-situ esterification enhanced the ...water contact angle of LCNF film to 103.3°.•Enhanced amphiphilicity facilitated lignin self-assembly into LNPs (30–75 nm).•Waste DES was successfully upgraded into N-doped CDs.
The introduction of nanotechnology into conventional biorefinery will facilitate complete valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. In this work, a microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment was developed for one-pot fractionation of bamboo biomass into three scalable fractions (cellulose-rich residue, lignin and recovered DES), which were then respectively upgraded to three value-added bio-based nanomaterials, namely lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs), lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) and carbon quantum dots (CDs). After the mild and rapid DES pretreatment (130 °C, 20 min), 51.0% cellulose-rich residue was recovered accompanied by 90.6% delignification ratio. The cellulose-rich residues were mechanically fibrillated into LCNFs with a width of 5–20 nm. In-situ esterification of carboxylic acid groups from DES with cellulose hydroxyl groups improved the hydrophobicity of LCNFs. The LCNFs film prepared exhibited excellent hydrophobic (water contact angle of 103.3°). In-situ esterification, condensation and cleavage reactions of lignin during DES fractionation enhanced its amphiphilicity and facilitated lignin self-assembly into LNPs with diameters of 30–75 nm. Furthermore, using the recovered DES as carbon precursors, CDs were successfully prepared by a typical hydrothermal method, which provides a new approach for the disposal of waste DES. In short, the proposed waste-free biorefinery scheme realizes the complete valorization of bamboo biomass into bio-based multifunctional nanomaterials, which can be further applied in various downstream fields.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
PurposeThe ongoing urbanization and decarbonization require deployment of energy storage in the urban energy system to integrate large-scale variable renewable energy (VRE) into the power grids. The ...cost reductions of batteries enable private entities to invest energy storage for energy management whose operating strategy may differ from traditional storage facilities. This study aims to investigate the impacts of energy storage on the power system with different operation strategies. Two strategies are modeled through a simulation-based regional economic power dispatch model. The profit-oriented strategy denotes the storage system operated by private entities for price arbitrage, and the nonprofit-oriented strategy denotes the storage system dispatched by an independent system operator (ISO) for the whole power system optimization. A case study of Jiangsu, China is conducted. The results show that the profit-oriented strategy only has a very limited impact on the cost reductions of power system and may even increase the cost for consumers. While nonprofit-oriented energy storage performs a positive effect on the system cost reduction. CO2 emission reduction can only be achieved under a high VRE scenario for energy storage. Integrating energy storage into the power system may increase CO2 emissions in the near term. In addition, the peak-valley spread is crucial to trigger operations of profit-oriented energy storage, and the profitability of energy storage operator is observed to be decreasing with the total storage capacity. This study provides new insights for the energy management in the smart city, and the modeling framework can be applied to regions with different resource endowments.Design/methodology/approachThe authors characterize two battery storage operating strategies of profit- and nonprofit-oriented by adopting a simulation-based economic dispatch model. A simulation from 36 years of hourly weather data of wind and solar output from case study of Jiangsu, China is conducted.FindingsThe results show that the profit-oriented strategy only has a very limited impact on the cost reductions of power system and may even increase the cost for consumers. While nonprofit-oriented energy storage performs a positive effect on the system cost reduction. CO2 emission reduction can only be achieved under high VRE scenario for energy storage. Integrating energy storage into the power system may increase CO2 emissions in the near term. In addition, the peak-valley spread is crucial to trigger operations of profit-oriented energy storage, and the profitability of energy storage operator is observed to be decreasing with the total storage capacity.Originality/valueThis study provides new insights for the energy management in the smart city, and the modeling framework can be applied to regions with different resource endowments.
Guiding the coordinated charging of electric vehicles can alleviate the load fluctuation of power systems within a local area caused by uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles and greatly reduce ...the cost of power system operation. This will become an inevitable development trend of future energy system transformation. In this paper, a new mobile application is built to realize the dynamic adjustment of electric vehicle charging prices according to the change in weather conditions to guide the coordinated charging of electric vehicles. After systematically introducing the structure and data flow process of the application, we simulate the fluctuation of charging prices under various weather conditions using the electricity load data of North China and verify the good performance of the application. We believe that this application can help power systems to achieve low-carbon transformation by adopting a new dynamic time-of-use pricing charging model.
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•Light color of lignin is achieved by the structural protection of hydrated DES.•Hydrated DES can reduce cleavage and condensation of lignin linkages.•87.4% of β-O-4 bonds were ...preserved in 30% hydrated DES pretreatment.•Hydrated DES lignin has broad application prospects in cosmetics.
In this study, light-colored lignin was extracted from bamboo shoot shells (BSS) using a hydrated deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment. The hydrated DES used in pretreatment consist of formic acid, benzyl triethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) and water. The pretreatment using a hydrated DES containing 30% water (H30) demonstrate efficient delignification (82.9%). Additionally, the hydrated DES protected the β-O-4 linkage from excessive cleavage and recondensation as well as keep the light-colored of lignin. Moreover, the hydrated DES extracted lignin exhibits superior antioxidant performance and tyrosinase inhibitory capacity compared to the control. Notably, incorporating 5% lignin of H30-extracted lignin into a commercial suncream led to a remarkable enhancement of the SPF value, elevating from 14.8 to 32.6. In summary, the proposed hydrated DES pretreatment method offers significant benefits for extracting light-colored lignin, thereby promoting the multifunctional application of lignin in cosmetics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
