Numerous studies show association of particular matter (PM) in air pollution with cardiovascular dysfunction, and increased morbidity and mortality. The main mechanisms of this adverse effect involve ...increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and genotoxicity. Several recent studies investigated the ability of PM2.5 to cause myocardial injury in animal models using various methods, such as intratracheal instillation, intraperitoneal injection or tail vein injection. The purpose of this study is to explore the PM2.5-induced myocardial inflammatory reaction in rats through the new technology of multi-functional aerosol concentration and enrichment system.
Thirty Wistar rats were divided into two groups, 15 in each group. In the exposure group, PM2.5 multi-functional aerosol concentration and enrichment system was used for PM2.5 online oral and nasal exposure (5 times a week, 4 hours exposure, for the duration of 3 months). Histopathological examination of the left ventricular myocardial tissue of both groups was done using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Ultrastructural changes of the heart specimens were assessed using electron microscopy. The levels of CRP and ICAM-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry.
Compared with the control group, myocardial tissue of the exposure group exhibited edema, widened myocardial space and infiltration of inflammatory cells. There was nuclear pyknosis, mitochondrial membrane and spinal fusion, rough endoplasmic reticulum expansion, degranulation and cell swelling in the exposed group. The area of CRP positive staining in the exposed group was 3.7-fold higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05), and the ICAM-1 positive staining area of the exposed group was 12-fold higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05).
Prolonged exposure to PM2.5 inhalation promotes significant upregulation of ICAM-1 and CRP expression in myocardial tissues, ultrastructural alterations in myocardial cells, and influx of inflammatory cells.
Composites of (001)‐face‐exposed TiO2 ((001)‐TiO2) and CuO were synthesized in water vapor environment at 250°C with various Cu/Ti molar ratios (RCu/Ti). The resulting CuO/(001)‐TiO2 composites were ...characterized using a variety of techniques. The synthesis under high‐temperature vapor allows close contact between CuO and (001)‐TiO2, which results in the formation of heterojunctions, as evidenced by the shift of valence band maximum towards the forbidden band of TiO2. An appropriate ratio of CuO can enhance the absorption of visible light and promote the separation of photogenerated carriers, which improve the photocatalytic performance. The degradation rate constant Kapp increased from 5.5 × 10−2 to 8.1 × 10−2 min−1 for RCu/Ti = 0.5. Additionally, the results showed that superoxide radicals (•O2−) play a major role in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.
Composites of (001)‐face‐exposed TiO2, i.e. (001)‐TiO2, and CuO were synthesized in water vapor environment at 250°C with various Cu/Ti molar ratios (RCu/Ti). The synthesis under high‐temperature vapor allows close contact between CuO and (001)‐TiO2, resulting in the formation of heterojunctions, evidenced by the shift of valence band maximum towards the forbidden band of TiO2. An appropriate ratio of CuO can improve the photocatalytic performance. Superoxide radicals play a major role in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) have been extensively studied in recent years. However, the as-cast MPEAs usually possess coarse columnar grains with undesirable properties, thus ...columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) and grain refinement are of great significance. According to the interdependence theory, increasing the constitutional supercooling (CS) and limiting the diffusion of solutes will result in a refined structure. Therefore, the effect of boron (B) element on grain refinement of the as-cast CoCrNi MPEAs was evaluated: B element accumulates in the region ahead of the solid–liquid (S–L) interface during solidification and has such a strong affinity with the Cr element that it can induce the segregation of Cr element and restrict the diffusion of Cr element. The results indicate that B element induces CET and grain refinement significantly. The grain refinement is attributed to CS ahead of the S–L interface caused by the interaction of solutes and the slower diffusion rate induced by the concentration of B element. This work proposed a new method to refine the microstructure of the MPEAs.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A cell-in-cell process refers to the invasion of one living cell into another homotypic or heterotypic cell. Different from non-apoptotic death processes of internalized cells termed entosis or ...cannibalism, we previously reported an apoptotic cell-in-cell death occurring during heterotypic cell-in-cell formation. In this study, we further demonstrated that the apoptotic cell-in-cell death occurred only in internalized immune killer cells expressing granzyme B (GzmB). Vacuole wrapping around the internalized cells inside the target cells was the common hallmark during the early stage of all cell-in-cell processes, which resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent mitochondrial injury of encapsulated killer or non-cytotoxic immune cells. However, internalized killer cells mediated rapid bubbling of the vacuoles with the subsequent degranulation of GzmB inside the vacuole of the target cells and underwent the reuptake of GzmB by killer cells themselves. The confinement of GzmB inside the vacuole surpassed the lysosome-mediated cell death occurring in heterotypic or homotypic entosis processes, resulting in a GzmB-triggered caspase-dependent apoptotic cell-in-cell death of internalized killer cells. On the contrary, internalized killer cells from GzmB-deficient mice underwent a typical non-apoptotic entotic cell-in-cell death similar to that of non-cytotoxic immune cells or tumor cells. Our results thus demonstrated the critical involvement of immune cells with cytotoxic property in apoptotic cell-in-cell death, which we termed as emperitosis taken from emperipolesis and apoptosis. Whereas entosis or cannibalism may serve as a feed-on mechanism to exacerbate and nourish tumor cells, emperitosis of immune killer cells inside tumor cells may serve as an in-cell danger sensation model to prevent the killing of target cells from inside, implying a unique mechanism for tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance.
The treatment of hormone-induced early-stage avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) with transplantation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-transgenic bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) was ...examined. A rabbit model of hormone-induced early ANFH was first established. BMSCs were transplanted by core decompression under the guidance of computed tomography (CT). A supportive fibrinogen drug delivery mixture (FG) was tested for mechanical enhancement of stem cell delivery. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT perfusion imaging, ink artery infusion angiography, hematoxylin-and-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 of pathological sections. A regular arrangement of trabeculae and obvious bone regeneration were observed in the animals receiving transplanted transgenic BMSCs with FG. Newly generated capillaries were visible on the bone plates of the trabeculae, and the bone marrow was rich in hematopoietic tissue. These results demonstrate that the combination of core decompression and transplantation of HGF transgenic autologous BMSCs enhanced blood vessel regeneration and bone reconstruction in the ANFH model. This study provides experimental data that motivate possible clinical use of this therapeutic strategy.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this work, the conversion of Ag films to silver oxide nanorod arrays with hierarchical porosity which was realized in an oxidation environment by reactive sputtering deposition of metal oxides was ...reported. The mechanisms from the oxidation of Ag films to the formation of hierarchical porosity were investigated by varying the deposition parameters with the determination of phase structure, hierarchical porosity, diffusion coefficient, and chemical states of elements as well as by a comparison with the oxidation of Ag films by direct exposure to plasma. The oxidation of Ag films can be ascribed to the atomic oxygen in the environment. The formation of silver oxide nanorods and the creation of hierarchical porosity were substantiated to be due to the Kirkendall effect occurring between the oxidized Ag films and the deposited metal oxides with the assistance of the shading effect in deposition. In addition, the sample temperature and the attributes of metal oxides were found to have significant effects on the formation of hierarchically structured porous silver oxide films. The principle revealed in this work is of significance for the synthesis of porous materials with hierarchical porosity, especially for fabrication of hierarchically porous silver oxide films with improved properties, which are needed in the research fields of solid-state thin film batteries, photocatalysts, bactericides, gas sensors, etc.
Abstract
Background
γδT cells play an important role in the mucosa inflammation and immunity-associated disorders. Our previous study reported that γδ T cells producing IL-17 were involved in the ...pathogenesis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). However, their subset characteristic profile in this kind of disease remains unclear. Thus the current study’s aim is to investigate the functionally predominant subset and its role in PI-IBS.
Methods
The total T cells were collected from the peripheral blood of patients with PI-IBS. The peripheral proportion of Vδ1 and Vδ2 subset was detected by FACS after stained with anti δ1-PE and anti δ2-APC. The local colonic proportion of this two subsets were measured under laser confocal fluorescence microscope. Vδ1 γδ T cells were enriched from the total peripheral T cells by minoantibody-immuno-microbeads (MACS) method and cultured, functionally evaluated by CCK-8 assay (proliferation), CD69/CD62L molecules expression assay (activation) and ELISA (IL-17 production) respectively.
Results
1. Vδ1 γδ T cells significantly increased while Vδ2 γδ T cells remained unchanged in both the peripheral blood and local colonic tissue from PI-IBS patients (
p
< 0.05). 2. When cultured in vitro, the Vδ1 γδ T cells remarkably proliferated, activated and produced IL-17 (
p
< 0.05).
Conclusions
Our results suggest that Vδ1 γδ T cells was the predominant γδ T cells subset in both peripheral and intestinal tissue, and was the major IL-17 producing γδ T cells in PI-IBS.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hierarchically structured porous films are urgently needed in the development of some practical devices. In this work, we report an effective way for fabrication of hierarchically porous AgO films by ...oxidizing Ag films in the environment offered by reactive magnetron sputtering deposition of NiO. The method is capable of fabricating hierarchically structured AgO films with rich nano-porosity and is easily applied to large-scale production. Under the given conditions, ∼300 nm thick Ag films can be oxidized into hierarchically porous AgO nanorod arrays as long as ∼4.2 μm within 60 min. The hierarchically porous AgO films contain at least two levels of porosity ranging from meso-to nano-porosity that are produced by undergoing three different stages, i.e. the oxidation of Ag films, the formation of AgO nanorods, and creation of hierarchical porosity. The hierarchically porous AgO films have the high capacity of trapping light and the large specific area, thus exhibiting excellent photocatalytic activity much better than the solid AgO and TiO2 films under the UV and visible-light irradiation. In addition, the hierarchically porous AgO films were demonstrated to have potential in energy storage using the assembled Zn-AgO all solid-state thin film battery, which has a specific capacity as high as ∼390 mAh/g.
•This work offers a new way for fabrication of porous AgO nanorod films.•The porous AgO films have large porosity and high capacity of trapping light.•The porous AgO films exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity.•The porous AgO films have a potential of fabricating Zn-AgO film battery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Deposition atmosphere was found to have significant impacts on the growth of single-crystal LaBaCo2O6−δ (LBCO) films. In 2 × 10−4 Pa, the LBCO film grew basically along the c-axis of LaBaCo2O5.5 and ...high-quality single-crystal LBCO film was obtained after O2 annealing. In 2 Pa of O2, the dominant domains in the LBCO film became a- and/or b-axis oriented and a phase separation appeared in the O-annealed film. The O-annealed LBCO films exhibited an obvious paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition at ~200 K and ~1.3 μB/Co of saturated magnetic moment was obtained at 10 K. Ferromagnetic and spin-glass-like states may coexist in the LBCO films, making a deviation of the zero-field-cooled from the field-cooled magnetization at temperatures below an irreversible temperature. The LBCO films exhibited the magnetic properties close to that of nanoscale-ordered LaBaCo2O6, but the electric transport behaviors are close to that of ordered LaBaCo2O6.
•Deposition atmosphere having significant impacts on the growth of LBCO films.•LBCO films being close to the nanoscale-ordered LaBaCo2O6 in the magnetism.•LBCO films being close to the ordered LaBaCo2O6 in the electric transport.•FM and SG coexistence making a deviation of ZFC from FC magnetization.•Strong electron correlations being responsible for the magnetoelectronic separation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Inflammation following ischemic stroke is known to contribute to injury. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a major enzyme system originally studied in immune cells that leads to superoxide (O·− ) ...generation. Apocynin is a NOX inhibitor that has been studied as a potential treatment in experimental stroke. Here we explored the effect of different doses of apocynin in a mouse model of 2 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) followed by 22 h reperfusion. Apocynin, given i.v. at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg 30 min before reperfusion, improved neurological function ( P <0.01), reduced infarct volume ( P <0.05), and reduced the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage ( P <0.05), but not at higher doses of 3.75 and 5 mg/kg, where it actually increased brain hemorrhage. Apocynin also tended to reduce mortality at the lower dose, but not at higher doses. Using hydroethine fluorescence to delineate O·− in the brain, neurons and some microglia/macrophages, but not vascular endothelial cells were found to contain O·− . Apocynin at protective doses markedly prevented ischemia-induced increases in O·− . Our data suggested that apocynin can protect against experimental stroke, but with a narrow therapeutic window.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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