•We examine the caspases in the apoptosis pathway of yak meat during postmortem aging.•CsA can inhibit the opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore.•The cytochrome c is ...released from mitochondria to cytoplasm via MPTP.•MPTP mediates the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of yak meat during postmortem aging.•ROS generation and Ca2+ overloading may paly a significant role in opening the MPTP.
The effect of membrane permeability transition pore dependent mitochondrial apoptotic activation on yak meat tenderness was investigated. Results indicate that MPTP opening increased significantly and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased markedly in the early aging process (P<0.05). Cytochrome c was released from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm via the MPTP in the early period. Meanwhile, the activation of procaspase-9 occurred earlier than that of procaspase-3. Cyclosporin A suppressed the MPTP opening, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3, apoptosis rate, myofibril fragmentation index, reactive oxygen species generation, and Ca2+ levels. These results demonstrated that MPTP mediated the release of cytochrome c in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, yak meat tenderness was improved by mitochondrial apoptotic pathway during aging. MPTP opening may be influenced by the ROS generation and Ca2+ overloading in yak meat during postmortem aging.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A new cationic triazole‐based metal–organic framework encapsulating Keggin‐type polyoxometalates, with the molecular formula Co(BBPTZ)3HPMo12O40⋅24 H2O compound 1; ...BBPTZ=4,4′‐bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)biphenyl is hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structure of compound 1 contains a non‐interpenetrated 3D CdSO4 (cds)‐type framework with two types of channels that are interconnected with each other; straight channels that are occupied by the Keggin‐type POM anions, and wavelike channels that contain lattice water molecules. The catalytic activity of compound 1 in the oxidative desulfurization reaction indicates that it is not only an effective and size‐selective heterogeneous catalyst, but it also exhibits distinct structural stability in the catalytic reaction system.
Sulfur no more: A cationic triazole‐based metal–organic framework encapsulating Keggin‐type polyoxometalates, with the molecular formula Co(BBPTZ)3HPMo12O40⋅24 H2O BBPTZ=4,4′‐bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)biphenyl, is synthesized, characterized and shown to be active in oxidative desulfurization catalysis. POM=polyoxometalate; MOF=metal–organic framework; cds=CdSO4.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy recessive 1 (LGMDR1), previously known as LGMD2A, is a specific LGMD caused by a gene mutation encoding the calcium‐dependent neutral cysteine protease calpain‐3 ...(CAPN3). In our study, the compound heterozygosity with two missense variants c.635 T > C (p.Leu212Pro) and c.2120A > G (p.Asp707Gly) was identified in patients with LGMDR1. However, the pathogenicity of c.635 T > C has not been investigated. To evaluate the effects of this novel likely pathogenic variant to the motor system, the mouse model with c.635 T > C variant was prepared by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique. The pathological results revealed that a limited number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the endomyocytes of certain c.635 T > C homozygous mice at 10 months of age. Compared with wild‐type mice, motor function was not significantly impaired in Capn3 c. 635 T > C homozygous mice. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays further indicated that the expression levels of the Capn3 protein in muscle tissues of homozygous mice were similar to those of wild‐type mice. However, the arrangement and ultrastructural alterations of the mitochondria in the muscular tissues of homozygous mice were confirmed by electron microscopy. Subsequently, muscle regeneration of LGMDR1 was simulated using cardiotoxin (CTX) to induce muscle necrosis and regeneration to trigger the injury modification process. The repair of the homozygous mice was significantly worse than that of the control mice at day 15 and day 21 following treatment, the c.635 T > C variant of Capn3 exhibited a significant effect on muscle regeneration of homozygous mice and induced mitochondrial damage. RNA‐sequencing results demonstrated that the expression levels of the mitochondrial‐related functional genes were significantly downregulated in the mutant mice. Taken together, the results of the present study strongly suggested that the LGMDR1 mouse model with a novel c.635 T > C variant in the Capn3 gene was significantly dysfunctional in muscle injury repair via impairment of the mitochondrial function.
A novel missense variants c.635 T > C (p.Leu212Pro) was identified in patients with LGMDR1. The mouse model with c.635 T > C variant was prepared by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique. Muscle regeneration of LGMDR1 was simulated using cardiotoxin (CTX) to induce muscle necrosis and regeneration to trigger the injury modification process. The repair of the mouse model was significantly worse at day 21 days following treatment, the c.635 T > C variant of Capn3 exhibited a significant effect on muscle regeneration and induced mitochondrial damage. RNA‐sequencing results demonstrated that the expression levels of the mitochondrial‐related functional genes were significantly downregulated in the mu‐tant mice. Taken together, the results of the present study strongly suggested that the LGMDR1 mouse model with a novel c.635 T > C variant in the Capn3 gene was significantly dysfunctional in muscle injury repair via impairment of the mitochondrial function.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•The ROS increased the mitochondrial oxidative stress by decreasing the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and increasing mitochondrial lipid peroxidation.•Oxidative stress enhanced MPTP opening by ...augmenting the production of Ca2+ and altering the levels of Bcl-2 family proteins.•Oxidative stress mediated the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in yak meat during postmortem aging.
This study investigated the effect of reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative stress on activation of mitochondrial apoptosis and tenderness of yak meat during postmortem ageing. Oxidative stress degree, Ca2+ levels, membrane permeability transition pore opening, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptotic factors and the shear force were examined. Results showed that the ROS generated by H2O2 significantly increased mitochondrial oxidative stress by decreasing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and increasing lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, oxidative stress enhanced Ca2+ production and cytochrome c release, changed the levels of Bcl-2 family proteins and activated caspase-9 and -3 activities. Ultimately, oxidative stress increased the apoptosis rate and tenderness of yak meat. These observations confirmed that ROS-mediated oxidative stress participates in the activation of the apoptotic cascade reaction involving Ca2+ and Bcl-2 family proteins. The results further suggested that ROS-mediated oxidative stress plays a significant role in meat tenderization through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Carrying out the strategy of incorporating rod secondary building units and polar functional groups in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to accomplish the separation of CO2 and C2 hydrocarbons over CH4 ...as well as CO2 fixation, an oxalamide-functionalized ligand N,N′-bis(isophthalic acid)-oxalamide (H4BDPO) has been designed. The solvothermal reaction of H4BDPO with the oxophilic alkaline-earth Ba2+ ion afforded a honeycomb Ba-MOF, {Ba2(BDPO)(H2O)·DMA} n (1). Due to the existence of Lewis basic oxalamide groups and unsaturated Lewis acid metal sites in the tubular channels, the activated framework presents not only high C2H6, C2H4, and CO2 uptakes and selective capture from CH4, but also efficient CO2 chemical fixation as a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations were combined to explore the adsorption selectivities for C2H6–CH4 and C2H4–CH4 mixtures as well as the interaction mechanisms between the framework and epoxides.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Convenient, sensitive, and reliable detection of multiple heavy-metal ions is a significant and challenging task with the use of high-yielding and easily synthesized materials. To solve this ...challenge, five cobalt-based coordination polymers (CPs), Co2(4-dptb)2(1,3-BDC)2·2H2O (1), Co(4-dptb)(5-DIP) (2), Co(4-dptb)(5-NIP) (3), Co(4-dptb)(5-AIP) (4), and Co(4-dptb)(5-MIP) (5) (4-dptb = N 3,N 4-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)thiophene-3,4-dicarboxamide, 1,3-BDC = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate, 5-DIP = 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 5-NIP = 5-nitroisophthalic acid, 5-AIP = 5-methylisophthalic acid, 5-MIP = 5-aminoisophthalic acid), have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods. A remarkable electrochemical sensing for Cr(VI) and Fe(III) was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and current–time curves (i–t). The results showed that all CPs have a low limit of detection (LOD) of Cr(VI) and Fe(III) and fast electrochemical responses of within 3 s. At the same time, compounds 1–5 have a significant electrocatalytic oxidation effect on ascorbic acid (AA) and can be used as electrochemical sensors for AA.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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•Seven solvent extracts were obtained from Zanthoxylum bungeanum pericarps.•Solvent polarity affected phytochemical composition and biological activities.•The highest extraction yield ...was obtained with acetic acid.•Methanol was most effective for cholinesterase inhibitory activity.
Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) is widely grown in China where it is of high economic importance. Its pericarps are rich in bioactive compounds and are in common use both as food additives, for their distinctive flavor, and as traditional medicines, to treat various diseases. The method of extraction of these compounds is important. This study evaluates the effects of the solvent on the yields of the major components and their biological activities - antioxidant, antimicrobial, cholinesterase and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HepG2) inhibitory. Seven common solvents were used: water, methanol, acetic acid, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate and benzene. Acetic acid produced the highest extract yield (24.69%), while benzene produced the lowest (7.54%). The ethanol extract had the highest phenolic content (81.19 ± 4.81 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) /kg extract), the methanol extract had the highest flavonoid content (110.69 ± 8.49 g rutin equivalents (RE)/kg extract) and the benzene extract had the lowest (22.42 ± 2.1 g RE/kg extract). Procyanidin was the most abundant component in the extracts (125.35–350.98 mg/100 g pericarps). The water extract showed strong antioxidant activity for OH scavenging activity (0.45 mg/mL of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)), reducing power (RP) (RP0.6 mg/mL = 3.93) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) (FRAP0.6 mg/mL = 0.48). Methanol and acetic acid were the most effective extracts for inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, while chloroform was most effective for antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and HepG2 growth inhibition rate (0.39 mg/mL of IC50). The inhibitory activities of the water and methanol extracts on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were stronger than on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with selectivity indices of 0.74 and 0.28, respectively. Methanol (1.02 mg/mL of IC50 for AChE and 0.28 mg/mL of IC50 for BChE) was most effective for cholinesterase inhibitory activity. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total alkaloid content and warfarin content were significantly correlated with the first two principal component analysis axes, indicating some relationship between these components and their biological activities. Extracts of Z. bungeanum pericarps are a good source of compounds having significant biological activities for the pharmaceutical industry.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
As the largest cultivated fiber crop in the world, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is often exposed to various biotic stresses during its growth periods. Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium ...dahliae is a severe disease in cotton, and the molecular mechanism of cotton resistance for Verticillium wilt needs to be further investigated. Here, we revealed that the cotton genome contains nine types of GST genes. An evolutionary analysis showed that a newly identified cluster (including Gh_A09G1508, Gh_A09G1509 and Gh_A09G1510) located on chromosome 09 of the A‐subgenome was under positive selection pressure during the formation of an allotetraploid. Transcriptome analysis showed that this cluster participates in Verticillium wilt resistance. Because the Gh_A09G1509 gene showed the greatest differential expression in the resistant cultivar under V. dahliae stress, we overexpressed this gene in tobacco and found that its overexpression resulted in enhanced Verticillium wilt resistance. Suppression of the gene cluster via virus‐induced gene silencing made cotton plants of the resistant cultivar Nongda601 significantly susceptible. These results demonstrated that the GST cluster played an important role in Verticillium wilt resistance. Further investigation showed that the encoded enzymes of the cluster were essential for the delicate equilibrium between the production and scavenging of H2O2 during V. dahliae stress.
Significance statement
Evolution of the glutathione S‐transferases gene family was clarified in the Gossypium genus. A newly identified tau cluster in the A‐subgenome was shown to have undergone adaptive evolution, and provided Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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