Direct‐to‐consumer advertising of prescription medicines (DTCA‐PM) is currently banned in Australia. DTCA‐PM is thought to increase health‐care costs by increasing demand for drugs that are both ...expensive and potentially harmful. However, DTCA‐PM is occurring in Australia despite the current prohibition. We argue that successful regulation of the practice has been undermined as a result of changes brought about by the ongoing communications revolution, the increasing centrality of patient choice in medical decision‐making and the impossibility of drawing and maintaining a sharp distinction between information and advertising. The prohibition is further threatened by recent international trade agreements. These factors make DTCA‐PM inevitable and legislative and professional bodies need to acknowledge this to create a more effective health‐care policy.
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Shakespeare in Canada is the result of a collective desire to explore the role that Shakespeare has played in Canada over the past two hundred years, but also to comprehend the way our country's ...culture has influenced our interpretation of his literary career and heritage. What function does Shakespeare serve in Canada today? How has he been reconfigured in different ways for particular Canadian contexts? The authors of this book attempt to answer these questions while imagining what the future might hold for William Shakespeare in Canada. Covering the Stratford Festival, the cult CBC television program Slings and Arrows, major Canadian critics such as Northrop Frye and Marshall McLuhan, the influential acting teacher Neil Freiman, the rise of Québécois and First Nation approaches to Shakespeare, and Shakespeare's place in secondary schools today, this collection reflects the diversity and energy of Shakespeare's afterlife in Canada. Collectively, the authors suggest that Shakespeare continues to offer Canadians "remembrance of ourselves." This is a refreshingly original and impressive contribution to Shakespeare studies-a considerable achievement in any work on the history of one of the central figures in the western literary canon.
We compared the management and outcome of glottic cancer in Ontario, Canada to that in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program areas in the United States to determine whether ...the greater use of primary radiotherapy with surgery reserved for salvage in Ontario was associated with similar survival and better larynx retention rates than the U.S. approach where primary surgery is used more often. Electronic, clinical and hospital data were linked to cancer registry data and supplemented by chart review where necessary. Initial treatment and survival in patients diagnosed in the SEER areas from 1988 through 1994 were compared to patients from Ontario diagnosed from 1982 through 1995. Actuarial laryngectomy rates were compared for patients over 65 at diagnosis in the two regions. Analyses were conducted over all cases and stratified by disease stage. In localized disease (T1 or T2), conservative treatment was the most common initial treatment in both regions, although total laryngectomy was used more often in SEER than Ontario (6.2% vs. 0.2%, respectively,
P < .001). In advanced disease (T3 or T4), total laryngectomy was more commonly used as initial treatment in SEER (62.9% vs. 21.0% in Ontario,
P ⩽ .001). Over all cases, the relative survival rate was 80% in Ontario at 5 years compared to 78% in SEER (
P = .33). In localized disease, the relative survival rates were 4 to 5% higher in Ontario from the second year on, while in advanced disease 2 to 3% higher rates in SEER did not approach statistical significance. Actuarial laryngectomy rates at 3 years differed between the two regions, with a 4% higher rate in SEER (
P = .01). In localized disease, 12.6% of Ontario patients had a laryngectomy by 3 years postdiagnosis compared to 17.9% in SEER (
P = .05). In advanced disease, the rates were 63.3% and 79.2%, respectively (
P = .07). There are large differences in the management of glottic cancer between the SEER areas of the U.S. and Ontario and no evidence that a policy emphasizing radiotherapy with surgery reserved for salvage is associated with worse survival. Ultimate laryngectomy rates are lower in Ontario for localized disease and may be lower for advanced disease. Conservation treatment should be used for localized disease while the treatment decision in advanced disease may be especially sensitive to patient values for voice retention versus initial cure.
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As we commemorate the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's death, the most translated and performed playwright in the world continues to live on in our imagination. How might we historicize ...Shakespeare's influence in Canada?
The first deep blank-field 450 ...m map (1... 1.3 mJy) from the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array-2 SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (S2CLS), conducted with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope ...(JCMT) is presented. Our map covers 140 arcmin2 of the Cosmological Evolution Survey field, in the footprint of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey. Using 60 submillimetre galaxies detected at ≥3.75..., we evaluate the number counts of 450-...m-selected galaxies with flux densities S450 > 5 mJy. The 8 arcsec JCMT beam and high sensitivity of SCUBA-2 now make it possible to directly resolve a larger fraction of the cosmic infrared background (CIB, peaking at ... ~ 200 ...m) into the individual galaxies responsible for its emission than has previously been possible at this wavelength. At S450 > 5 mJy, we resolve (7.4 ± 0.7) x 10-2 MJy sr-1 of the CIB at 450 ...m (equivalent to 16 ± 7 per cent of the absolute brightness measured by the Cosmic Background Explorer at this wavelength) into point sources. A further ~40 per cent of the CIB can be recovered through a statistical stack of 24 ...m emitters in this field, indicating that the majority (...60 per cent) of the CIB at 450 ...m is emitted by galaxies with S450 > 2 mJy. The average redshift of 450 ...m emitters identified with an optical/near-infrared counterpart is estimated to be ...z... = 1.3, implying that the galaxies in the sample are in the ultraluminous class ($L_...\rm IR...\approx 1.1\times 10^...12...\,...\rm \text...L..._...\odot ...$). If the galaxies contributing to the statistical stack lie at similar redshifts, then the majority of the CIB at 450 ...m is emitted by galaxies in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) class with LIR > 3.6 x 10... L... (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Recombinant human relaxin as a cervical ripening agent Brennand, Janet E.; Calder, Andrew A.; Leitch, Craig R. ...
BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology,
July 1997, Volume:
104, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human relaxin (rhRIx) as a cervical ripening agent in women with an unfavourable cervix before induction of ...labour at term.
Design
A multi‐centre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial performed in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Oxford. Women were treated with 0, 1, 2 or 4 mg of rhRIx in a gel vehicle administered intravaginally. Analysis of variance tests were performed on all continuous variables, and Cochran Mantel‐Haenszel tests employed for all discrete variables.
Participants
Ninety‐six women at 37 to 42 weeks of gestation with a singleton pregnancy and a modified Bishop score of 4 were recruited.
Results
There was no significant difference in the change in modified Bishop score between the four treatment groups. The lengths of the first and second stages of labour were similar in all 4 groups. PGE2 and oxytocin requirements were similar in all groups, as was the mode of delivery. There was no evidence that relaxin was absorbed systemically when given in this way.
Conclusion
Recombinant human relaxin 1 to 4 mg, administered as an intravaginal gel, has no effect as a cervical ripening agent before induction of labour at term.
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