Pythium-induced damping-off disease is a major disease limiting cucumber and tomato production in different parts of the world. The current study investigated the efficiency of Talaromyces variabilis ...and its bioactive metabolites in suppressing Pythium-induced damping-off of cucumbers and tomatoes. T. variabilis inhibited the in vitro growth of P. aphanidermatum in solid and liquid media. In addition, abnormalities in P. aphanidermatum hyphae were observed as a result of T. variabilis. Extracts from T. variabilis induced cellular leakage and suppressed oospore production of P. aphanidermatum. Biochemical analyses of T. variabilis metabolites showed that T. variabilis produces glucanase, cellulase and siderophores, suggesting the contribution of these metabolites in the inhibition of P. aphandermatum growth and in hyphal abnormalities. Treating cucumber seeds with spore and mycelial suspension of T. variabilis isolates led to a significant improvement in the seedling survival of P. aphanidermatum-inoculated seedlings from 18 to 52% (improvement by 34%) for isolate 48 P and from 30-66% (improvement by 36%) for isolate 28 R. Similarly, treating tomato seeds with spore and mycelial suspension of T. variabilis isolates led to a significant improvement in the seedling survival of P. aphanidermatum-inoculated seedlings from 7 to 36% (improvement by 29%) for isolate 28 R and from 20 to 64% (improvement by 44%) for isolate 48 P. Differences in the percent improvement in seedling survival between experiments may be related to difference in the efficacy of the two different isolates or their interaction with the hosts and pathogen. The use of T. variabilis in the biocontrol of Pythium-induced diseases may offer alternatives to the currently used chemical control.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e. conidiomata. Coelomycetes comprise about, 1000 genera and 7000 species, which can be endophytic, ...pathogenic or saprobic. Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology, such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis, while it was treated as a distinct group i.e. Deuteromycotina. Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system, resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes, as well as establish asexual-sexual links. Nevertheless, most of genera lack sequence data, thus, morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species. In this paper we illustrate, describe, and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera, including five new genera viz. Apiculospora, Didymellocamarosporium, Melanocamarosporium, Melnikia and Paulkirkia. Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. One-hundred and fifty-two (65 %) of genera have sequence data, thus, their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system, is listed as an outline. However, 83 genera still lack sequence data, hence, they are treated as Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis. In addition, separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The current classification system for the recognition of taxonomic ranks among fungi, especially at high-ranking level, is subjective. With the development of molecular approaches and the ...availability of fossil calibration data, the use of divergence times as a universally standardized criterion for ranking taxa has now become possible. We can therefore date the origin of Ascomycota lineages by using molecular clock methods and establish the divergence times for the orders and families of Dothideomycetes. We chose Dothideomycetes, the largest class of the phylum Ascomycota, which contains 32 orders, to establish ages at which points orders have split; and
Pleosporales
, the largest order of Dothideomycetes with 55 families, to establish family divergence times. We have assembled a multi-gene data set (LSU, SSU, TEF1 and RPB2) from 391 taxa representing most family groups of Dothideomycetes and utilized fossil calibration points solely from within the ascomycetes and a Bayesian approach to establish divergence times of Dothideomycetes lineages. Two separated datasets were analysed: (i) 272 taxa representing 32 orders of Dothideomycetes were included for the order level analysis, and (ii) 191 taxa representing 55 families of
Pleosporales
were included for the family level analysis. Our results indicate that divergence times (crown age) for most orders (20 out of 32, or 63%) are between 100 and 220 Mya, while divergence times for most families (39 out of 55, or 71%) are between 20 and 100 Mya. We believe that divergence times can provide additional evidence to support establishment of higher level taxa, such as families, orders and classes. Taking advantage of this added approach, we can strive towards establishing a standardized taxonomic system both within and outside Fungi. In this study we found that molecular dating coupled with phylogenetic inferences provides no support for the taxonomic status of two currently recognized orders, namely
Bezerromycetales
and
Wiesneriomycetales
and these are treated as synonyms of
Tubeufiales
while
Asterotexiales
is treated as a synonym of
Asterinales
. In addition, we provide an updated phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes previously published as the
Families of Dothideomycetes
in 2013 with a further ten orders and 35 families.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
4.
Outline of Ascomycota: 2017 Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten ...
Fungal diversity,
2018/1, Volume:
88, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Taxonomic placement of genera have been changing rapidly as taxonomists widely use DNA sequence data in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. It is essential to update existing databases/outlines ...based on recent studies, since these sources are widely used as a foundation for other research. In this outline, we merge both asexual and sexual genera into one outline. The phylum Ascomycota comprises of three subphyla
viz
.
Pezizomycotina
(including 13 classes, 124 orders and 507 families),
Saccharomycotina
(including one class, one order and 13 families) and
Taphrinomycotina
(five classes, five orders and six families). Approximately, 6600 genera have been listed under different taxonomic ranks including auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic ranks.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial microorganisms that can be utilized to improve plant responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we investigated whether ...PGPR (
) isolated from the endorhizosphere of
have the potential to sustain pepper growth under drought, salinity, and heavy metal stresses. The bacterial strain was determined based on 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequencing and characterized based on the following biochemical traits: nitrogen fixation; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity; indole acetic acid production; inorganic phosphate, potassium, zinc, and silicon solubilization; and siderophore production. Various abiotic stresses were applied to 28-day-old pepper seedlings, and the influence of the PGPR strain on pepper seedling growth under these stress conditions was evaluated. The application of PGPR improved survival of the inoculated pepper plants under stress conditions, which was reflected by higher seedling growth rate and improved physiochemical traits. The PGPR-treated plants maintained high chlorophyll, salicylic acid, sugar, amino acid, and proline contents and showed low lipid metabolism, abscisic acid, protein, hydrogen peroxide contents, and antioxidant activities under stress conditions. Gene expression studies confirmed our physiological and biochemical findings. PGPR inoculation led to enhanced expression of XTH genes and reduced expression of
, and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) genes. We conclude that the PGPR strain described in this study has great potential for use in the phytoremediation of heavy metals and for enhancing pepper plant productivity under stress conditions, particularly those involving salinity and drought.
This study examined the efficiency of fungal strain (Cunninghamella bertholletiae) isolated from the rhizosphere of Solanum lycopersicum to reduce symptoms of salinity, drought and heavy metal ...stresses in tomato plants. In vitro evaluation of C. bertholletiae demonstrated its ability to produce indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), ammonia and tolerate varied abiotic stresses on solid media. Tomato plants at 33 days’ old, inoculated with or without C. bertholletiae, were treated with 1.5% sodium chloride, 25% polyethylene glycol, 3 mM cadmium and 3 mM lead for 10 days, and the impact of C. bertholletiae on plant performance was investigated. Inoculation with C. bertholletiae enhanced plant biomass and growth attributes in stressed plants. In addition, C. bertholletiae modulated the physiochemical apparatus of stressed plants by raising chlorophyll, carotenoid, glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents, and reducing hydrogen peroxide, protein, lipid metabolism, amino acid, antioxidant activities, and abscisic acid. Gene expression analysis showed enhanced expression of SlCDF3 and SlICS genes and reduced expression of SlACCase, SlAOS, SlGRAS6, SlRBOHD, SlRING1, SlTAF1, and SlZH13 genes following C. bertholletiae application. In conclusion, our study supports the potential of C. bertholletiae as a biofertilizer to reduce plant damage, improve crop endurance and remediation under stress conditions.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The classification of subclass
Xylariomycetidae
is revisited with additional collections and phylogeny based on novel rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic inferences are provided and are based on ...analysis of 115 sequence data, including new data for 27 strains. An updated outline to the subclass is presented based on the phylogenies and comprises two orders, 18 families and 222 genera. An account of each order, family and genus in the subclass is given. We accept the orders
Amphisphaeriales
and
Xylariales
based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence.
Amphisphaeriales
comprises
Amphisphaeriaceae
,
Bartaliniaceae
fam. nov.,
Clypeosphaeriaceae
,
Discosiaceae
fam. nov.,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
fam. nov. and
Phlogicylindriaceae
fam. nov.
Xylariales
comprises
Apiosporaceae
,
Cainiaceae
,
Coniocessiaceae
,
Diatrypaceae
,
Graphostromataceae
(doubtful),
Hyponectriaceae
,
Iodosphaeriaceae
,
Lopadostomaceae
fam. nov.,
Melogrammataceae
,
Pseudomassariaceae
fam. nov.,
Vialaeaceae
and
Xylariaceae
. The new genera and species introduced are
Arthrinium hyphopodii
,
A. subglobosa
,
Cainia anthoxanthis
,
Ciferriascosea
gen. nov.,
C. fluctamurum
,
C. rectamurum
,
Discosia neofraxinea
,
D. pseudopleurochaeta
,
Hyalotiella rubi
,
Seimatosporium cornii
,
S. ficeae
,
S. vitis
and
Truncatella spartii
.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The family Phaeosphaeriaceae is a diverse group of ascomycetous fungi that are commonly found in terrestrial habitats worldwide. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the ...biodiversity of Phaeosphaeriaceae in China, particularly in Sichuan Province, which has not been fully explored for its high fungal diversity. In our study, we conducted extensive surveys in Sichuan Province to identify and describe new species of Ascomycota with diverse habitats. Here, we present a taxonomic revision of Phaeosphaeriaceae with taxonomic novelties from terrestrial habitats in Sichuan Province based on a multi-gene phylogenetic approach. Our study focuses on the description of four new species of Phaeosphaeriaceae, representing novel additions to the diversity of this fungal family. Using a combination of morphological and molecular data, we provide detailed descriptions of the new taxa and their placement within the family. Additionally, we discuss the phylogenetic relationships of these new taxa with other members of Phaeosphaeriaceae, providing insights into the correct taxonomic classification of the family. Our taxonomic revision contributes to understanding fungal diversity in China and provides a foundation for future studies investigating the taxonomy and ecological roles of Phaeosphaeriaceae fungi. Furthermore, our multi-gene phylogenetic approach provides increased resolution and accuracy in the delimitation of species boundaries within the family. Our study highlights the importance of continued exploration and taxonomic revision in order to fully understand the diversity and distribution of fungal species in China and beyond. New species: Paraloratospora sichuanensis, Phaeosphaeria chengduensis, P. sichuanensis, and Septoriella shoemakeri. New combinations: Paraloratospora breonadiae, P. fructigena, Septoriella ammophilicola, S. asparagicola, S. festucae, S. luzulae, and S. verrucispora. New names: Septoriella paradactylidis, and S. neomuriformis.
Biodiversity loss from disturbances caused by human activities means that species are disappearing at an ever increasing rate. The high number of species that have yet to be described have generated ...extreme crisis to the taxonomist. Therefore, more than in any other era, effective ways to discover and delimitate species are needed. This paper reviews the historically foremost approaches used to delimit species in Ascomycota, the most speciose phylum of Fungi. These include morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. We argue that a single property to delineate species boundaries has various defects and each species concept comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. Recently the rate of species discovery has increased because of the advancement of phylogenetic approaches. However, traditional phylogenetic methods with few gene regions lack species-level resolution, and do not allow unambiguous conclusions. We detail the processes that affect gene tree heterogeneity, which acts as barriers to delimiting species boundaries in classical low-rank phylogenies. So far, limited insights were given to the DNA-based methodologies to establish well-supported boundaries among fungal species. In addition to reviewing concepts and methodologies used to delimit species, we present a case study. We applied different species delimitation methods to understand species boundaries in the plant pathogenic and cryptic genus
Phyllosticta
(Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales). Several DNA-based methods over-split the taxa while in some methods several taxa fall into a single species. These problems can be resolved by using multiple loci and coalescence-based methods. Further, we discuss integrative approaches that are crucial for understanding species boundaries within Ascomycota and provide several examples for ideal and pragmatic approaches of species delimitation.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand. The fungi are accommodated in 31 families. New taxa described include a new family, seven ...new genera, 65 new species, 16 previously known species. A new family: Malaysiascaceae (Glomerellales). New genera are
Acremoniisimulans
(Plectosphaerellaceae),
Pandanaceomyces
,
Pseudoachroiostachy
(Nectriaceae
)
,
Pseudohyaloseta
(Niessliaceae),
Pseudoornatispora
(Stachybotriaceae) and
Yunnanomyces
(Sympoventuriaceae). New species are
Acremoniisimulans thailandensis
,
Beltrania krabiensis
,
Beltraniella pandanicola
,
B
.
thailandicus
,
Canalisporium krabiense
,
C
.
thailandensis
,
Clonostachys krabiensis
,
Curvularia chonburiensis
,
C
.
pandanicola
,
C
.
thailandicum
,
C
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis
,
Dictyochaeta pandanicola
,
Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis
,
D
.
pandanicola
,
D
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Dictyosporium appendiculatum
,
Di
.
guttulatum
,
Di
.
hongkongensis
,
Di
.
krabiense
,
Di
.
pandanicola
,
Distoseptispora thailandica
,
D
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Helicoma freycinetiae
,
Hermatomyces biconisporus
,
Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis
,
L
.
pandanicola
,
Lasionectria krabiense
,
Menisporopsis pandanicola
,
Montagnula krabiensis
,
Musicillium pandanicola
,
Neofusicoccum pandanicola
,
Neohelicomyces pandanicola
,
Neooccultibambusa thailandensis
,
Neopestalotiopsis chiangmaiensis
,
N
.
pandanicola
,
N
.
phangngaensis
,
Pandanaceomyces krabiensis
,
Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
P
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Parasarcopodium hongkongensis
,
Pestalotiopsis krabiensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
P
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense
,
Pseudoberkleasmium pandanicola
,
Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola
,
Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola
,
Pseudoornatispora krabiense
,
Pseudopithomyces pandanicola
,
Rostriconidium pandanicola
,
Sirastachys phangngaensis
,
Stictis pandanicola
,
Terriera pandanicola
,
Thozetella pandanicola
,
Tubeufia freycinetiae
,
T
.
parvispora
,
T
.
pandanicola
,
Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis
,
Volutella krabiense
,
V
.
thailandensis
and
Yunnanomyces pandanicola
. Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support. Inspiration for this study came from the book
Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae
by Whitton, McKenzie and Hyde in 2012. Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
PDF
