The paper presents the investigation of thermal properties of thermal insulation chambers as an actuator in intelligent clothing, having the property of automatically adjusting the thermal protection ...level. The chambers are designed to vary their thickness based on the pressure of the inflated air in them. The pressure value measured in the thermal insulation chamber gives the microcomputer information on the thickness of the chamber. The paper presents the investigation of the functional dependencies of changes in the thickness of the chambers on the air pressure in them and the thermal resistance depending on the thickness of the thermal insulation chamber. Experimental thermal insulation chambers were made and integrated into an intelligent article of clothing and filled with air of 0–50 mbar, whereby chamber thicknesses of 0–25 mm were measured. Next, thermal resistance of 0.1876–0.5022 m2 k/W was measured on the thermal manikin. It was found that the ratio of thermal insulation of non-activated to maximally activated chambers was 1:2.7. Research has shown good results for the area where intelligent clothing can automatically adjust its thermal insulation properties. The technical systems described represent a suitable basis for experiments and scientific research during the introduction of intelligent clothing with active thermal protection into human life. The third-generation prototype shows very good properties from the aspect of automatic control of thermal protection in intelligent clothing. This forms the basis for further research. Cold protection has always been carried out by wearing garments with higher or lower thermal protection as well as wearing multiple layers of clothing. The conceptual starting point of the development of intelligent clothing is the development of an adaptive insulation layer with changeable thickness in the form of thermal insulation chambers filled with air. In this way, layered clothing as well as the use of several clothing layers can be avoided. Thus, one intelligent article of clothing regulating its thermal insulation properties can be used in a wide range of cold weather in the environment of the wearer.
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This paper describes methods for evaluating the thermal properties of textile materials, clothing composites, and clothing using an integrated measurement system that includes a hot plate, a ...multi-purpose differential conductometer, a thermal manikin, a temperature gradient measurement device, and a device for measuring the physiological parameters of the human body during the exact evaluation of garment thermal comfort. In practice, measurements were taken on four types of materials widely used in the production of conventional and protective clothing. The measurements were carried out using a hot plate and a multi-purpose differential conductometer, determining the thermal resistance of the material both in its uncompressed form and when a force was applied that was ten times greater than that needed to determine its thickness. Using a hot plate and a multi-purpose differential conductometer, thermal resistances of textile materials were assessed at different levels of material compression. On hot plates, both conduction and convection had an impact on thermal resistance, but in the multi-purpose differential conductometer, only conduction did. Moreover, a reduction in thermal resistance was observed as a result of compressing textile materials.
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This paper presents the measurement results of the thermal insulation of the outer shell, thermal inserts, and clothing systems, as well as a comparative analysis of the thermal insulation of ...multi-layer thermal inserts in a thermal jacket intended for professional services in cold weather. Detachable thermal inserts are made of double-faced, diamond-shaped quilted lining with different masses per unit area, and together with the jacket, they form clothing systems with different thermal properties. Tests of the thermal properties of clothing were performed on a thermal manikin. They showed that an increase in the mass of thermal insulation textile materials contributes to an increase in the thermal insulation properties of clothing and are insufficient for a complete analysis of the thermal properties of clothing. Therefore, for the first time, three new parameters of integration efficiency of the thermal insert, thermal insulation efficiency parameters, and efficiency parameters of the integration of the textile material integrated into the clothing system were introduced. Based on these parameters, it is possible to perform an effective and accurate comparative analysis of the thermal insulation of multi-layer thermal inserts in clothing. This makes it possible to apply exact scientific methods largely in the technical design of the thermal properties of integrated textile materials, instead of experience-based methods as in the past.
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The southern wing of the Croatian transmission network was constructed for 220 kV in the early 1960’s, with additional 400 kV reinforcement at the
end of 1970’s. Its route of more than 200 km is ...quite demanding due to extreme climate, environmental specifics and related costs. However, operational
experience during more than 50 years has been quite positive. Nowadays, at the end of its lifetime it is again extremely important to analyze
and select the best option for network revitalization and development to serve the network users for the next 50 years, but in very different conditions
of technological development, more restrictive environmental requirements, electricity market conditions and large scale RES integration. Moreover,
special attention should be given to the potential opportunity and need to use this revitalization also for new interconnection to the power system of
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH).
Altogether with its length of more than 380 km this is one of the largest transmission projects in South East Europe in the last few decades. This paper
presents the main findings of the multicriterial and comprehensive study covering technical, economic, financial, geographical, environmental, social
and legal assessment, identifying locations of new 400 kV transmission system nodes, internal and interconnection 400 kV lines routes, together with
the potential upgrade/replacement of the existing 220 kV circuits.
Network analyses have been prepared on more than 180 different scenarios using PSS/E software, while market analyses were completed for 21
selected scenarios using PLEXOS software. Scenarios were based on the following criteria/uncertainties related to the power systems of Croatia and
BiH:
1. analyzed time-horizons (2023 and 2028)
2. demand growth (referent, low, high)
3. analyzed operation conditions (winter/summer peak/off peak load)
4. generation scenarios (high, low, new RES, CO2 prices)
5. hydrological and climate conditions (average, extreme hydrology and wind speed)
6. power balance (import, export)
7. power transits
Five main options have been initially selected as topology candidates for problem resolving. Detailed methodology and criteria for the selection of
optimal option (revitalization and development scenario and topology) were developed and approved by all involved stakeholders. For selected option,
based on comprehensive analyses and approved methodology , for further detailed analyses ( system reliability, technical design, investment,
economics /CBA/ and environmental analyses) have been prepared, including assessment of its impact on transmission tariffs of each country.
Sensitivity analyses to the most uncertain variables (investment costs and CO2 prices) were also performed.
The environmental and social assessment was very demanding due to the complex governance structure and three legal frameworks to be respected
(two countries, along with two entities in BiH). The Project impact was evaluated with respect to: air quality, water quality, waste management, noise,
biological diversity, electromagnetic field, social measures and protected areas.
This paper presents above mentioned analyses, findings and recommendations, as the most comprehensive analytical approach to the transmission
line development that’s ever been applied in this region.
Najznačajniji World Energy Council (WEC) projekt u razdoblju od 2004. do 2007. godine je studija Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050, na kojem članovi WEC-a i nezavisni stručnjaci rade tri posljednje ...godine, a čiji su rezultati predstavljeni na kongresu u Rimu od 9. do 16. studenog 2007. godine. Energetska budućnost svijeta se promatra po kontinentima, pa je tako i energetska budućnost Europe jedan od podprojekata. Prateći koncept analize energetske budućnosti Europe u Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050 3, u ovom je članku obrađena regija jugoistočne Europe unutar Europe, a koja u spomenutom radu nije posebno promatrana. Razrađen je koncept mogućih scenarija regije, i povezanosti s događanjima u EU i ostalom dijelu Europe. Obzirom da se dijelovi regije znatno razlikuju po gospodarskoj snazi i razvojnom potencijalu, za regiju bi bilo korisno napraviti energetske analize prema razrađenom konceptu scenarija. Za razumijevanje problema i prepoznavanje mogućnosti regije analizirani su glavni energetski pokazatelji, posebno u dijelu koji se odnosi na električnu energiju i plin. Dane su preporuke o daljnjim aktivnostima, koje se dijelom odnose i na šire područje Europe.
Over the last 15 years, the area planted with soybeans (
) in Serbia has increased drastically, from 131,000 hectares in 2005 to 230,000 in 2019, and the average yield reached 3.2 t/ha in 2020. The ...Province of Vojvodina is the most important soybean production region with 95% of the total soybean area in Serbia (www.stat.gov.rs). During the 2021 growing season, soybean seeds with various kinds of symptoms including colour changes, light and dark brown spots, blotching, necrosis, and shriveling were collected from soybean field before harvest of soybean cv. Dukat in the Tamiš locality (South Banat District, Vojvodina Province: GPS: 44°56'12.936"N 20°43'24.216"E) in Serbia. The incidence of symptomatic seeds was estimated at 6.4%. Symptomatic soybean seeds were surface disinfected with 2% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed in sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 10 to 14 days. The identification of fungi at the genus level based on morphological characteristics revealed the presence of species of
,
,
and
, which were previously reported as pathogens of soybean seed in Serbia (Krsmanović et al. 2020). Also, seven white to slightly creamy colonies with yeast-like morphology were observed around seeds expressing discoloration and necrotic and sunken spots. Ten days later, microscopic observations of yeast-like colonies revealed the presence of globose budding cells (diameter of 20 to 28 μm) mostly single or rarely in short chains. Also, two to eight needle-shaped ascospores (52 to 80 μm in length) were arranged lengthwise in many cylindrical to naviculate asci (60 to 96 x 8 to 12, avg. 72.4 x 9.2 µm). Ascospores were with a unilateral, slender, flexuous, whip-like appendage. The morphology of the different fungal structures indicated that the pathogen was
(Pelgion) Kurtzman and it was further supported by molecular identification. Total DNA was extracted directly from fungal mycelium with a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and PCR amplification performed with primers ITS1F (Gardes and Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990). Sequence analysis of ITS region revealed that the Serbian isolate ND2/21 (GenBank Accession No. OL958602) shared the highest nucleotide identity of 100% with
.
isolate (Accession No. KY103387). For pathogenicity test, fresh soybean seeds (cv. Sava) were surface-disinfected with 2% NaOCl and rinsed in sterile water before inoculation. The seeds were pierced 3-4 times with a sterile insect pin through a drop of yeast suspension (concentration 10
ascospores/ml) of one selected single-spore isolate (ND2-21). Similarly, control seeds were pierced with sterile insect pins through a drop of sterile distilled water. Five inoculated seeds and control (five replicates per treatment) were arranged uniformly in a Petri dish (9 cm diameter) and incubated at 22 to 25°C in the dark and kept under >95% relative humidity during the first 48 h. Twenty days after inoculation, small brown necrotic lesions were visible on the soybean seeds. Re-isolation from symptomatic seeds on PDA dishes yielded yeast-like colonies with the same morphological characteristics as those used for inoculation, thus confirming Koch's postulates. The control seeds had no symptoms. This fungus is widely known as a pathogen of yeast spot disease on soybean seeds (Heinrichs et al. 1976; Kimura et al. 2008), but to our knowledge, it has never been reported in Serbia. Considering that invasive species
L. and
(STÅL, 1855), the vectors of this fungus, were reported in our country (Kereši et al. 2012; Šeat 2015) and that their mass appearance has been documented in recent years (Konjević et al. 2020), the presence of this pathogen has the potential to cause considerable damage and severe yield losses, resulting in significant economic impact on soybean production in Serbia.
Purpose: The ever-evolving market dynamics and the trend toward increased product individualization demand a high degree of adaptability in production management. This calls for novel approaches, ...such as Industry 4.0 (I4.0), which integrates the Quality 4.0 (Q4.0) model as well.
Methodology/Approach: I4.0 builds upon the foundation of digital manufacturing and entails three key dimensions: (i) The employment of advanced digital technologies to enable digital production, (ii) The development of smart products, which incorporate novel production methods and innovative features, and, (iii) The adoption of an intelligent supply chain, designed to facilitate the procurement of raw materials and the delivery of finished goods. In our research studies, we focus specifically on the first and third approaches.
Findings: A bilateral flow of information in collaborative manufacturing is facilitated through digital platforms that span the entirety of the production process, from the inception of cutting-edge product designs to the final delivery to end-customers, integrating quality management (QM) as well.
Research Limitation/Implication: The current study outlines a QM model developed for a digital factory in Serbia, utilizing the Q4.0 model, with particular emphasis on the workshop section, integrated within the Enterprise Resource Planning/Manufacturing Execution Systems module.
Originality/Value of paper: The manuscript serves as a notable illustration of best practices for digital manufacturing, and the implementation of a digital QM model within the metalworking industry.
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common abnormalities occurring in 40% -60% of Down syndrome (DS) patients. The 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyl transferase reductase (MTRR) is ...one of the key regulatory enzymes involved in folate pathway. Disrupted folate pathway due to MTRR polymorphism could be a risk factor for CHD in DS. The aim of the study was to determine the association between polymorphism MTRR 66A> G and CHD in DS. Additionally, the impact of maternal endogenous factors on CHD was analyzed, intake of folate through diet, periconceptional folic acid supplementation, smoking and alcohol drinking. A total of 155 children with DS and 148 their mothers have been enrolled in this study. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. The frequency of alleles and genotypes of MTRR 66A> G polymorphisms was not significantly different between a group with CHD compared to a group without CHD among DS subjects as well as in their mothers. The mothers with mutated homozygous genotypes who have taken folic acid preparations from the fourth week before pregnancy to eight weeks of pregnancy were more likely to have DS-CHD+ child. The study results suggested that maternal MTRR 66A> G polymorphisms associated with their lifestyle habits such as folic acid intake could altered individual risk for CHD in DS child.
BACKGROUND: Volleyball player’s performance depends on a combination of technical-tactical skills and an optimum level of general and specific physical fitness. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study ...was to compare the results of three isometric strength tests with the results of four specific volleyball performance tests using a novel Multidimensional Modelling Approach. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study 80 male (age = 16.2 ± 1.7 yrs.) and 116 female (age = 16.1 ± 1.5 yrs.) volleyball players performed two testing sessions consisting of ankle extensor, handgrip, and lumbar isometric strength tests, followed by countermovement tests, modified X test and medicine ball throw. RESULTS: Principal Component Analysis, with 51.38% to 64.87% of variances explained, was used to group results from multiple tests into a single score: isometric force (Fmax Score), rate of force development (RFDmax Score), and specific performance tests (Specific Score). Calculated Fmax Score, and RFDmax Score values showed low (r= 0.310–0.416), but statistically significant (p< 0.01) correlations with Specific Score. Regression analysis showed 17.3% and 9.6% influence of Fmax and 16.9% and 10.1% influence of RFDmax on specific abilities for male and female sample respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings derived from the isometric strength tests are not related to those obtained from specific volleyball performance tests. However, the advantages of isometric tests and their findings may be of a comparative clinical value in management of sports injury in volleyball players.
The subject of this paper are training methodologies important for improving tactics in youth categories of volleyball players. In practice, coaches very quickly switch from learning the 6: 0 system ...(initial system), to the 5: 1 system (competitive - senior), which for beginners leads to limitations in the manifestation of tactical and strategic skills, but also the effectiveness of technical elements in competition. The aim of this paper is to show the ageoriented, ie chronological and experience-oriented methodology of learning the system in volleyball. Order in training, respect for chronological, motor and sports age, timely specialization and orientation towards the principles of motor learning are recognized as factors leading to the expected outcome in the individual career of an athlete, making training methods effective and desirable in practice.
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