We report the automatic detection of 11 transients (7 possible supernovae and 4 active galactic nuclei candidates) within the Zwicky Transient Facility fourth data release (ZTF DR4), all of them ...observed in 2018 and absent from public catalogs. Among these, three were not part of the ZTF alert stream. Our transient mining strategy employs 41 physically motivated features extracted from both real light curves and four simulated light curve models (SN Ia, SN II, TDE, SLSN-I). These features are input to a k-D tree algorithm, from which we calculate the 15 nearest neighbors. After pre-processing and selection cuts, our dataset contained approximately a million objects among which we visually inspected the 105 closest neighbors from seven of our brightest, most well-sampled simulations, comprising 89 unique ZTF DR4 sources. Our result illustrates the potential of coherently incorporating domain knowledge and automatic learning algorithms, which is one of the guiding principles directing the SNAD team. It also demonstrates that the ZTF DR is a suitable testing ground for data mining algorithms aiming to prepare for the next generation of astronomical data.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Time-domain science has undergone a revolution over the past decade, with tens of thousands of new supernovae (SNe) discovered each year. However, several observational domains, including SNe within ...days or hours of explosion and faint, red transients, are just beginning to be explored. Here we present the Young Supernova Experiment (YSE), a novel optical time-domain survey on the Pan-STARRS telescopes. Our survey is designed to obtain well-sampled griz light curves for thousands of transient events up to z 0.2. This large sample of transients with four-band light curves will lay the foundation for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, providing a critical training set in similar filters and a well-calibrated low-redshift anchor of cosmologically useful SNe Ia to benefit dark energy science. As the name suggests, YSE complements and extends other ongoing time-domain surveys by discovering fast-rising SNe within a few hours to days of explosion. YSE is the only current four-band time-domain survey and is able to discover transients as faint as ∼21.5 mag in gri and ∼20.5 mag in z, depths that allow us to probe the earliest epochs of stellar explosions. YSE is currently observing approximately 750 deg2 of sky every 3 days, and we plan to increase the area to 1500 deg2 in the near future. When operating at full capacity, survey simulations show that YSE will find ∼5000 new SNe per year and at least two SNe within 3 days of explosion per month. To date, YSE has discovered or observed 8.3% of the transient candidates reported to the International Astronomical Union in 2020. We present an overview of YSE, including science goals, survey characteristics, and a summary of our transient discoveries to date.
Context.
We provide the first results from the complete SNAD adaptive learning pipeline in the context of a broad scope of data from large-scale astronomical surveys.
Aims.
The main goal of this work ...is to explore the potential of adaptive learning techniques in application to big data sets.
Methods.
Our SNAD team used Active Anomaly Discovery (AAD) as a tool to search for new supernova (SN) candidates in the photometric data from the first 9.4 months of the
Zwicky
Transient Facility (ZTF) survey, namely, between March 17 and December 31, 2018 (58 194 ≤ MJD ≤ 58 483). We analysed 70 ZTF fields at a high galactic latitude and visually inspected 2100 outliers.
Results.
This resulted in 104 SN-like objects being found, 57 of which were reported to the Transient Name Server for the first time and with 47 having previously been mentioned in other catalogues, either as SNe with known types or as SN candidates. We visually inspected the multi-colour light curves of the non-catalogued transients and performed fittings with different supernova models to assign it to a probable photometric class: Ia, Ib/c, IIP, IIL, or IIn. Moreover, we also identified unreported slow-evolving transients that are good superluminous SN candidates, along with a few other non-catalogued objects, such as red dwarf flares and active galactic nuclei.
Conclusions.
Beyond confirming the effectiveness of human-machine integration underlying the AAD strategy, our results shed light on potential leaks in currently available pipelines. These findings can help avoid similar losses in future large-scale astronomical surveys. Furthermore, the algorithm enables direct searches of any type of data and based on any definition of an anomaly set by the expert.
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FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
The model of a nonstationary
α
-disk with allowance made for the irradiation and vertical convection in the outer accretion disk, where hydrogen is partially ionized, is considered. Allowance for the ...energy release through turbulent viscosity is shown to be important in the mixing-length convection theory in accretion disks. This model has been used to explain the optical and X-ray light curves of the X-ray nova A0620-00. The turbulent viscosity parameter of the accretion disk has been estimated,
α
= 0.5−0.6, to explain the luminosity decay rate on the descending branch of the X-ray light curve for the A0620-00 1975 outburst. The secondary luminosity maximum on the light curves is explained by assuming an additional injection of matter into the accretion disk from the optical companion.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We study the thermal stability of non-self-gravitating turbulent \(\alpha\) discs around supermassive black holes (SMBHs) to test a new type of high-amplitude active galactic nuclei (AGN) flares. On ...calculating discs structures, we compute the critical points of stability curves for discs around SMBH, which cover a wide range of accretion rates and resemble the shape of a \(\xi\) curve. We find that there are values of the disc parameters that favour the transition of a disc ring from a recombined cool state to a hot, fully ionised, advection dominated, geometrically thick state with higher viscosity parameter \(\alpha\). For SMBH with masses \(\sim 10^6-10^8 M_\odot\), such a flare can occur in the geometrically thin and optically thick neutral disc with convective energy transfer through the disc thickness surrounding a radiatively inefficient accretion flow. When self-gravity effects are negligible, the duration of a flare and the associated mass exhibit a positive correlation with the truncation radius of the geometrically thin disc prior to the flare. According to our rough estimates, \(\sim 4-3000 M_\odot\) can be involved in a giant flare, i.e. can be accreted or entrained with an outflow lasting 1 to 400 years, if the flare is triggered somewhere between \(60\) and \(600\) gravitational radii in a disc around SMBH with \(10^7 M_\odot\). The accretion rate on SMBH peaks at a super-Eddington value about ten times faster. The peak effective disc temperature at the trigger radius is \(\sim 10^5\,\)K, but it can be obscured by an optically thick outflow that reprocesses the emission to longer wavelengths. Such a transfer of disc state could trigger a massive outburst, similar to that following a tidal disruption event.
Optical and near-infrared photometry, optical spectroscopy, and soft X-ray and UV monitoring of the changing-look active galactic nucleus NGC 2617 show that it continues to have the ...appearance of a type-1 Seyfert galaxy. An optical light curve for 2010–2017 indicates that the change of type probably occurred between 2010 October and 2012 February and was not related to the brightening in 2013. In 2016 and 2017 NGC 2617 brightened again to a level of activity close to that in 2013 April. However, in 2017 from the end of the March to end of July 2017 it was in very low level and starting to change back to a Seyfert 1.8. We find variations in all passbands and in both the intensities and profiles of the broad Balmer lines. A new displaced emission peak has appeared in Hβ. X-ray variations are well correlated with UV–optical variability and possibly lead by ~2–3 d. The K band lags the J band by about 21.5 ± 2.5 d and lags the combined B + J bands by ~25 d. J lags B by about 3 d. This could be because J-band variability arises predominantly from the outer part of the accretion disc, while K-band variability is dominated by thermal re-emission by dust. We propose that spectral-type changes are a result of increasing central luminosity causing sublimation of the innermost dust in the hollow bi-conical outflow. We briefly discuss various other possible reasons that might explain the dramatic changes in NGC 2617.
Theoretical models of accretion discs and observational data indicate that the X-ray emission from the inner parts of an accretion disc can irradiate its outer regions and induce a thermal wind, ...which carries away the mass and angular momentum from the disc. Our aim is to investigate the influence of the thermal wind on the outburst light curves of black hole X-ray binary systems. We carry out numerical simulations of a non-stationary disc accretion with wind using upgraded open code freddi. We assume that the wind launches only from the ionised part of the disc and may turn off if the latter shrinks fast enough. Our estimates of the viscosity parameter \(\alpha\) are shifted downward compared to a scenario without a wind. Generally, correction of \(\alpha\) depends on the spectral hardness of central X-rays and the disc outer radius, but unlikely to exceed a factor of 10 in the case of a black hole low-mass X-ray binary (BH LMXB). We fit 2002 outburst of BH LMXB 4U 1543-47 taking into account the thermal wind. The mass loss in the thermal wind is of order of the accretion rate on the central object at the peak of the outburst. New estimate of the viscosity parameter \(\alpha\) for the accretion disc in this system is about two times lower than the previous one. Additionally, we calculate evolution of the number of hydrogen atoms towards 4U 1543-47 due to the thermal wind from the hot disc.
Radial structure of accretion discs around compact objects is often described using analytic approximations which are derived from averaging or integrating vertical structure equations. For non-solar ...chemical composition, partial ionization, or for supermassive black holes, this approach is not accurate. Additionally, radial extension of `analytically-described' disc zones is not evident in many cases. We calculate vertical structure of accretion discs around compact objects, with and without external irradiation, with radiative and convective energy transport taken into account. For this, we introduce a new open Python code, allowing different equations of state (EoS) and opacity laws, including tabular values. As a result, radial structure and stability `S-curves' are calculated for specific disc parameters and chemical composition. In particular, based on more accurate power-law approximations for opacity in the disc, we supply new analytic formulas for the farthest regions of the hot disc around stellar-mass object. On calculating vertical structure of a self-irradiated disc, we calculate a self-consistent value of the irradiation parameter \(C_{\rm irr}\) for stationary \(\alpha\)-disc. We find that, for a fixed shape of the X-ray spectrum, \(C_{\rm irr}\) depends weakly on the accretion rate but changes with radius, and the dependence is driven by the conditions in the photosphere and disc opening angle. The hot zone extent depends on the ratio between irradiating and intrinsic flux: corresponding relation for \(T_{\rm irr,\, crit}\) is obtained.
In this paper, we explore the possibility of detecting M-dwarf flares using data from the Zwicky Transient Facility data releases (ZTF DRs). We employ two different approaches: the traditional method ...of parametric fit search and a machine learning algorithm originally developed for anomaly detection. We analyzed over 35 million ZTF light curves and visually scrutinized 1168 candidates suggested by the algorithms to filter out artifacts, occultations of a star by an asteroid, and known variable objects of other types. Our final sample comprises 134 flares with amplitude ranging from 0.2 to 4.6 magnitudes, including repeated flares and complex flares with multiple components. Using Pan-STARRS DR2 colors, we also assigned a corresponding spectral subclass to each object in the sample. For 13 flares with well-sampled light curves, we estimated the bolometric energy. Our results show that the ZTF's cadence strategy is suitable for identifying M-dwarf flares and other fast transients, allowing for the extraction of significant astrophysical information from their light curves.
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