An ultra-low background PMT for liquid xenon detectors Akerib, D.S.; Bai, X.; Bernard, E. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2013, Volume:
703
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Results are presented from radioactivity screening of two models of photomultiplier tubes designed for use in current and future liquid xenon experiments. The Hamamatsu 5.6cm diameter R8778 PMT, used ...in the LUX dark matter experiment, has yielded a positive detection of four common radioactive isotopes: 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 60Co. Screening of LUX materials has rendered backgrounds from other detector materials subdominant to the R8778 contribution. A prototype Hamamatsu 7.6cm diameter R11410 MOD PMT has also been screened, with benchmark isotope counts measured at <0.4238U/<0.3232Th/<8.340K/2.0±0.2 60Co mBq/PMT. This represents a large reduction, equal to a change of ×124238U/×19232Th/×1840K per PMT, between R8778 and R11410 MOD, concurrent with a doubling of the photocathode surface area (4.5–6.4cm diameter). 60Co measurements are comparable between the PMTs, but can be significantly reduced in future R11410 MOD units through further material selection. Assuming PMT activity equal to the measured 90% upper limits, Monte Carlo estimates indicate that replacement of R8778 PMTs with R11410 MOD PMTs will change LUX PMT electron recoil background contributions by a factor of ×125 after further material selection for 60Co reduction, and nuclear recoil backgrounds by a factor of ×136. The strong reduction in backgrounds below the measured R8778 levels makes the R11410 MOD a very competitive technology for use in large-scale liquid xenon detectors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment Akerlof, C. W.; Akimov, D. Yu; Alquahtani, A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2019, Volume:
953, Issue:
C
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time ...projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850’ level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Two of the studies have shown efficacy in nasal provocations for grass pollen2 and cat dander.3 One small study combining patients with grass and birch pollen allergy has demonstrated an improved ...global evaluation of seasonal symptoms.4 However, no double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have yet been published looking at efficacy based on seasonal symptom and medication scores, as proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medical Agency (EMA).5,6 To study the efficacy based on patients' seasonal diaries, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study testing 3 and 6 preseasonal injections of intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) with alum-adsorbed Phleum pratense. The amount of allergen could be increased because in immunotherapy the allergen dose is linked to efficacy generally.1 However, on the basis of our study, it is not recommendable to increase the amount of allergen without an updosing regimen because systemic side effects were seen in 9% of the patients.\n1) 1 Influenza 4 (28.6) 4 4 (26.7) 4 7 (50) 7 Gastrointestinal infection 4 (28.6) 4 2 (13.3) 2 4 (28.6) 4 Cough 3 (21.4) 3 3 (20) 3 3 (21.4) 3 Table E1 Demographics, baseline characteristics, and adverse events There were no significant demographic differences before treatment among the 3 groups with respect to sex and age, a global evaluation score (the visual analog scale) of the pretreatment season, seasonal asthma, concomitant birch allergy, and steroid treatment in the 2010 season.VAS, Visual analog scale.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
15.
FPGA-based trigger system for the LUX dark matter experiment Akerib, D.S.; Araújo, H.M.; Bai, X. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/2016, Volume:
818, Issue:
C
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
LUX is a two-phase (liquid/gas) xenon time projection chamber designed to detect nuclear recoils resulting from interactions with dark matter particles. Signals from the detector are processed with ...an FPGA-based digital trigger system that analyzes the incoming data in real-time, with just a few microsecond latency. The system enables first pass selection of events of interest based on their pulse shape characteristics and 3D localization of the interactions. It has been shown to be >99% efficient in triggering on S2 signals induced by only few extracted liquid electrons. It is continuously and reliably operating since its full underground deployment in early 2013. This document is an overview of the systems capabilities, its inner workings, and its performance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To cite this article: Calderón MA, Larenas D, Kleine‐Tebbe J, Jacobsen L, Passalacqua G, Eng PA, Varga EM, Valovirta E, Moreno C, Malling HJ, Alvarez‐Cuesta E, Durham S, Demoly P. European Academy of ...Allergy and Clinical Immunology task force report on ‘dose–response relationship in allergen‐specific immunotherapy’. Allergy 2011; 66: 1345–1359.
Background: For a century, allergen‐specific immunotherapy (SIT) has proven to be an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and insect sting allergy. However, as allergen doses are frequently adapted to the individual patient, there are few data on dose‐response relationship in SIT. Allergen products for SIT are being increasingly required to conform to regulatory requirements for human medicines, which include the need to demonstrate dose‐dependent effects.
Methods: This report, produced by a Task Force of the EAACI Immunotherapy Interest Group, evaluates the currently available data on dose‐response relationships in SIT and aims to provide recommendations for the design of future studies.
Results: Fifteen dose‐ranging studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and twelve reported a dose‐response relationship for clinical efficacy. Several studies also reported a dose‐response relationship for immunological and safety endpoints. Due to the use of different reference materials and methodologies for the determination of allergen content, variations in study design, and choice of endpoints, no comparisons could be made between studies and, as a consequence, no general dosing recommendations can be made.
Conclusion: Despite recently introduced guidelines on the standardization of allergen preparations and study design, the Task Force identified a need for universally accepted standards for the measurement of allergen content in SIT preparations, dosing protocols, and selection of clinical endpoints to enable dose‐response effects to be compared across studies.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) to intravenous drugs can be severe and might leave patients and doctors in a difficult position where an essential treatment or intervention has to be ...suspended. Even if virtually any intravenous medication can potentially trigger a life-threatening DHR, chemotherapeutics, biologics, and antibiotics are amongst the intravenous drugs most frequently involved in these reactions. Admittedly, suspending such treatments may negatively impact the survival outcomes or the quality of life of affected patients.
Delabeling pathways and rapid drug desensitization (RDD) can help reactive patients stay on first-choice therapies instead of turning to less efficacious, less cost-effective, or more toxic alternatives. However, these are high-complexity and high-risk techniques, which usually need expert teams and allergy-specific techniques (skin testing, in vitro testing, drug provocation testing) to ensure safety, an accurate diagnosis, and personalized management. Unfortunately, there are significant inequalities within and among countries in access to allergy departments with the necessary expertise and resources to offer these techniques and tackle these DHRs optimally.
The main objective of this consensus document is to create a great benefit for patients worldwide by aiding allergists to expand the scope of their practice and support them with evidence, data, and experience from leading groups from around the globe.
This statement of the Drug Hypersensitivity Committee of the World Allergy Organization (WAO) aims to be a comprehensive practical guide on the technical aspects of implementing acute-onset intravenous hypersensitivity delabeling and RDD for a wide range of drugs. Thus, the manuscript does not only focus on clinical pathways. Instead, it also provides guidance on topics usually left unaddressed, namely, internal validation, continuous quality improvement, creating a healthy multidisciplinary environment, and redesigning care (including a specific supplemental section on a real-life example of how to design a dedicated space that can combine basic and complex diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in allergy).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
19.
FPGA-based trigger system for the LUX dark matter experiment Akerib, D. S.; Araújo, H. M.; Bai, X. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2016, Volume:
818, Issue:
C
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
20.
First Results of the LUX Dark Matter Experiment Carmona-Benitez, M.C.; Akerib, D.S.; Araújo, H.M. ...
Nuclear and particle physics proceedings,
04/2016, Volume:
273-275, Issue:
C
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
LUX (Large Underground Xenon) is a dark matter direct detection experiment deployed at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD, operating a 370 kg dual-phase ...xenon TPC. Results of the first WIMP search run were presented in late 2013, for the analysis of 85.3 live-days with a fiducial volume of 118 kg, taken during the period of April to August 2013. The experiment exhibited a sensitivity to spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering with a minimum upper limit on the cross section of 7.6×10−46cm2 at a WIMP mass of 33 GeV/c2, becoming the world's leading WIMP search result, in conflict with several previous claimed hints of discovery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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