The assembly of microorganisms over a surface and their ability to develop resistance against available antibiotics are major concerns of interest. To survive against harsh environmental conditions ...including known antibiotics, the microorganisms form a unique structure, referred to as biofilm. The mechanism of biofilm formation is triggered and regulated by quorum sensing, hostile environmental conditions, nutrient availability, hydrodynamic conditions, cell-to-cell communication, signaling cascades, and secondary messengers. Antibiotic resistance, escape of microbes from the body’s immune system, recalcitrant infections, biofilm-associated deaths, and food spoilage are some of the problems associated with microbial biofilms which pose a threat to humans, veterinary, and food processing sectors. In this review, we focus in detail on biofilm formation, its architecture, composition, genes and signaling cascades involved, and multifold antibiotic resistance exhibited by microorganisms dwelling within biofilms. We also highlight different physical, chemical, and biological biofilm control strategies including those based on plant products. So, this review aims at providing researchers the knowledge regarding recent advances on the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation at the molecular level as well as the emergent method used to get rid of antibiotic-resistant and life-threatening biofilms.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In recent years the application of metal nanoparticles is gaining attention in various fields. The present study focuses on the additive effect of ‘green’ synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) on ...dark fermentative hydrogen (H
2
) production by a mesophilic soil bacterium
Enterobacter cloacae
. The FeNPs were synthesized by a rapid green method from FeSO
4
using aqueous leaf extract of
Syzygium cumini
. The synthesized FeNPs showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 267 nm. The transmission electron microscopy images confirm that the formation of FeNPs was mainly porous and irregular in shape, with an average particle size of 20–25 nm. The presence of iron (Fe) in the synthesized FeNPs was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The comparative effect of FeSO
4
and FeNPs on batch fermentative H
2
production from glucose was investigated. The fermentation experiments reveal that the percentage and yield of H
2
in FeNPs supplementation were increased significantly than the control (no supplementation) and FeSO
4
containing media. The maximum H
2
yield of 1.9 mol mol
−1
glucose utilized was observed in 100 mg l
−1
FeNPs supplementation, with two-fold increase in glucose conversion efficiency. Thus, the result suggests that FeNPs supplementation in place of FeSO
4
could improve the bioactivity of H
2
producing microbes for enhanced H
2
yield and glucose consumption.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Purpose
Oleaginous yeasts can accumulate intracellular lipid bodies or triacylglycerides (TAGs) under nutrient limiting conditions. TAGs derived from those yeast strains are considered as an ...alternative to conventional plant-based oils for biodiesel production. In this study, we attempt to isolate and characterize yeast strains from selected traditional fermented foods of Manipur and Mizoram, India, and study their oleaginous attributes for biodiesel production.
Method
Fourteen potential oleaginous yeasts were isolated from fermented food samples of Manipur and Mizoram, India. The isolates were identified by 5.8S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequencing. Intracellular TAG accumulation by yeast cells were confirmed by Nile red fluorescence microscopy and spectrometry technique. The most promising isolates were evaluated for lipid accumulation having different initial carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios and also the full kinetic studies (depicting the glucose consumption, biomass, and lipid production) using optimum C/N ratio were estimated. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profile of the transesterified lipids were analyzed by GC-MS.
Results
The identified yeast isolates belonged to seven different genera viz.
Rhodotorula
,
Pichia
,
Candida
,
Saturnispora
,
Wickerhamomyces
,
Zygoascus
, and
Saccharomyces
. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, maximum biomass concentration of 5.66 ± 0.03 g/L and 4.713 ± 0.03 g/L was produced by
Wickerhamomyces anomalus
FK09 and
Pichia kudriavzevii
FK02, respectively. The highest lipid concentration (g lipid/L fermentation broth) of 0.58 g/L was attained by
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
R2, followed by
Wickerhamomyces anomalus
FK09 (0.51 g/L), and
Zygoascus hellenicus
FC10 (0.41 g/L).
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
R2 exhibited the maximum lipid content (% lipid/g dry cell weight) of (21.63 ± 0.1%) after 96 h of growth. The C/N ratio of 40 and 20 was found to be optimum for
R. mucilaginosa
R2 and
W. anomalus
FK09 with a lipid content of 22.21 ± 0.4% and 12.83 ± 0.08% respectively.
Conclusion
Newly isolated yeast strains were obtained from traditional fermented food samples of Manipur and Mizoram, India. FAME analysis of the transesterified lipid extracts suggested the potential use of yeast-derived oil as an alternative to vegetable oil for biodiesel production.
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•Bio-ethanol production from Scenedesmus obliquus deoiled cake (SO) was performed.•Biomass properties of SO has been examined and evaluated using suitable techniques.•Green catalyst ...(CBPA, CWH, CCPS, CTGL, K-RAC) were employed for saccharification.•Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate BY01.•Maximum ethanol yield of 68.32 % at 8.24 g/L was achieved using CTGL green catalyst.
Microalgae have been accepted as a potential feedstock for biofuel production due to their high oil content and rapid biomass production. In this study, deoiled Scenedesmus obliquus (SO) was used for evaluating whether deoiled algal biomass residue is potential as an alternative energy resource for bio-ethanol production with different heterogeneous catalysts. The SO biomass was examined for its physiochemical properties and also evaluated using FTIR, XRD, and TGA techniques. The successful hydrolysis of SO was performed employing different eco-friendly bio-based heterogeneous catalysts and hydrolysate thus obtained was then subjected to fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand was analyzed through HPLC and GC which resulted in the production of bio-ethanol with the highest yield of 68.32 % at 8.24 g/L concentration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Biodiesel obtained from yeast derived single cell oil (SCO) is considered as an alternative to conventional biodiesel derived from plant oils, having the potential to substitute petroleum-derived ...transport fuels. In this work, we have developed a heterogeneous potassium hydroxide catalyst (K-RAC) supported on Rhodotorula mucilaginosa deoiled cake activated carbon (RAC) to enhance the conversion of R. mucilaginosa isolate R2 derived SCO as well as waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. The prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, BET and TGA. Basicity of the catalyst was determined by CO2-TPD and the hammet indicator test. The maximum fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) conversion of 96.6% and 98.66% for SCO and WCO respectively were obtained at optimized parameters i.e. 9:1 molar ratio (methanol/oil), 3 wt % of K-RAC loading at 60 °C and reaction time of 3 h. 1H NMR and GCMS was used to confirm the formation of biodiesel. The K-RAC was recycled effectively for five consecutive cycles.
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•Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) deoiled cake was used as a potential catalyst (K-RAC) for transesterification reaction.•K-RAC was characterized by various techniques.•Basic sites (K2O) on K-RAC facilitated biodiesel production from yeast single seed oil (SCO) and waste cooking oil (WCO).•FAME conversion of 96.6% and 98.66% for SCO and WCO was achieved with 3 wt % K-RAC.•The catalyst could be recycled for five successive cycles.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The failure of curcumin as a full-fledged drug is predominant because of its less bioavailability. This limitation can be overcome by forming an inclusion complex with HP
β
CD. There are different ...methodologies reported in the literature for the preparation of inclusion complexes, yet a detailed comparative study to choose the appropriate method has not been reported to the best of our knowledge. This study provides a detailed comparative study of five different methods co-evaporation (COE), co-precipitation (CPT), solvent evaporation (SE), Kneading (KD) and incubator shaking (IS) of curcumin–HP
β
CD inclusion complex formation and their evaluation. The complexes were prepared and characterized by different analytical techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray diffractometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. All the complexes exhibited better performances compared to curcumin. The loading and encapsulation efficiencies of KD were more followed by CPT, COE, SE and IE; nevertheless, the values of SE and IS were significantly less. The aqueous solubilities of the complexes followed the trend IS>SE>COE>KD>CPT. The swelling of and hence, curcumin release from COE was maximum followed by KD, SE, IS, and CPT. However, CPT demonstrated the best glucose uptake, antioxidant and anticancer activities followed by COE and KD. COE exhibited better antibacterial activities than KD and CPT, but the difference between COE and KD is not significant. Despite demonstrating various bioactivities, the samples were found non-toxic to human RBCs.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This work reports an investigation of the discharge characteristics of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in terms of I-V curves and Lissajous figures and their effect on the ...surface functionalities of electrospun silk/PVA nanofibers. The results show that the filamentary discharge is predominant at lower electrode gap (3 mm) and then significantly reduces at higher electrode gaps of 6 mm and 10 mm, respectively and in the applied voltage range of 11–17 kV. The silk/PVA nanofibers which are treated with 6 mm electrode gap shows good wettability, higher surface energy, higher tensile strength, young’s modulus values and improved anti-thrombogenic property. All these findings suggest that, although the silk/PVA nanofiber itself can be used in biomedical applications however, nanofibers plasma treated at 6 mm electrode gap shows better results in terms of physical and biological performances.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The present paper documents the uses of plants in traditional herbal medicine for human and veterinary ailments, and those used for dietary supplements, religious purpose, local beverage, and plants ...used to poison fish and wild animals. Traditional botanical medicine is the primary mode of healthcare for most of the rural population in Arunachal Pradesh.
Field research was conducted between April 2006 and March 2009 with randomly selected 124 key informants using semi-structured questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed through informant consensus factor (FIC) to determine the homogeneity of informant's knowledge on medicinal plants.
We documented 50 plants species belonging to 29 families used for treating 22 human and 4 veterinary ailments. Of the medicinal plants reported, the most common growth form was herbs (40%) followed by shrubs, trees, and climbers. Leaves were most frequently used plant parts. The consensus analysis revealed that the dermatological ailments have the highest FIC (0.56) and the gastro-intestinal diseases have FIC (0.43). FIC values indicated that there was high agreement in the use of plants in dermatological and gastro-intestinal ailments category among the users. Gymnocladus assamicus is a critically rare and endangered species used as disinfectant for cleaning wounds and parasites like leeches and lice on livestocks. Two plant species (Illicium griffithii and Rubia cordifolia) are commonly used for traditional dyeing of clothes and food items. Some of the edible plants recorded in this study were known for their treatment against high blood pressure (Clerodendron colebrookianum), diabetes mellitus (Momordica charantia), and intestinal parasitic worms like round and tape worms (Lindera neesiana, Solanum etiopicum, and Solanum indicum). The Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh have traditionally been using Daphne papyracea for preparing hand-made paper for painting and writing religious scripts in Buddhist monasteries. Three plant species (Derris scandens, Aesculus assamica, and Polygonum hydropiper) were frequently used to poison fish during the month of June-July every year and the underground tuber of Aconitum ferrox is widely used in arrow poisoning to kill ferocious animals like bear, wild pigs, gaur and deer. The most frequently cited plant species; Buddleja asiatica and Hedyotis scandens were used as common growth supplements during the preparation of fermentation starter cultures.
The traditional pharmacopoeia of the Monpa ethnic group incorporates a myriad of diverse botanical flora. Traditional knowledge of the remedies is passed down through oral traditions without any written document. This traditional knowledge is however, currently threatened mainly due to acculturation and deforestation due to continuing traditional shifting cultivation. This study reveals that the rural populations in Arunachal Pradesh have a rich knowledge of forest-based natural resources and consumption of wild edible plants is still an integral part of their socio-cultural life. Findings of this documentation study can be used as an ethnopharmacological basis for selecting plants for future phytochemical and pharmaceutical studies.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
All approved coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in current use are safe, effective, and reduce the risk of severe illness. Although data on the immunological presentation of patients with ...COVID-19 is limited, increasing experimental evidence supports the significant contribution of B and T cells towards the resolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Despite the availability of several COVID-19 vaccines with high efficacy, more effective vaccines are still needed to protect against the new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Employing a comprehensive immunoinformatic prediction algorithm and leveraging the genetic closeness with SARS-CoV, we have predicted potential immune epitopes in the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoVs are main targets of antibody detection and have motivated us to design four multi-epitope vaccines which were based on our predicted B- and T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. The cardinal epitopes selected for the vaccine constructs are predicted to possess antigenic, non-allergenic, and cytokine-inducing properties. Additionally, some of the predicted epitopes have been experimentally validated in published papers. Furthermore, we used the C-ImmSim server to predict effective immune responses induced by the epitope-based vaccines. Taken together, the immune epitopes predicted in this study provide a platform for future experimental validations which may facilitate the development of effective vaccine candidates and epitope-based serological diagnostic assays.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hyperbranched polyurethanes are synthesized using TDI, PCL diol, butanediol, and pentaerythritol (1–5 wt%) as the B4 reactant with and without the monoglyceride of sunflower oil. The biodegradation, ...physico‐mechanical, and thermal properties are found to be tailored by varying the percentage weight of the branching unit. An MTT/hemolytic assay and subcutaneous implantation in Wistar rats followed by cytokine/ALP assay and histopathology studies confirm a better biocompatibility of HBPU with MG than without MG. HBPU supports the proliferation of dermatocytes with no toxic effect in major organs, in addition the in vitro degraded products are non‐toxic. Cell adherence and proliferation endorse the bio‐based HBPU as a prospective scaffold material in the niche of tissue engineering.
Biocompatible HBPU with tunable biodegradation, physico‐mechanical, and thermal properties is synthesized as a prospective scaffold material in tissue engineering. It supports the proliferation of dermatocytes in vivo with no toxic effects on heart, liver, skin, and kidney, and it proves to be immuno/hemocompatible. HBPU with a microporous structure is shown to be an ideal scaffold material.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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