Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant global health concern, prompting the need for effective treatment strategies. This in-depth review critically assesses the landscape of HCV ...treatment, drawing parallels between traditional interferon/ribavirin therapy historically pivotal in HCV management and herbal approaches rooted in traditional and complementary medicine. Advancements in therapeutic development and enhanced clinical outcomes axis on a comprehensive understanding of the diverse HCV genome, its natural variations, pathogenesis, and the impact of dietary, social, environmental, and economic factors. A thorough analysis was conducted through reputable sources such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, books, and dissertations. This review primarily focuses on the intricate nature of HCV genomes and explores the potential of botanical drugs in both preventing and treating HCV infections.
Recently, obesity-induced insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become major social problems. We have previously shown that Astaxanthin (AX), which is a natural ...antioxidant, significantly ameliorates obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. It is well known that AX is a strong lipophilic antioxidant and has been shown to be beneficial for acute inflammation. However, the actual effects of AX on chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) remain unclear. To observe the effects of AX on AT functions in obese mice, we fed six-week-old male C57BL/6J on high-fat-diet (HFD) supplemented with or without 0.02% of AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX at 10 and 24 weeks of HFD with or without AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in AT. We found that AX significantly reduced oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration into AT, as well as maintaining healthy AT function. Furthermore, AX prevented pathological AT remodeling probably caused by hypoxia in AT. Collectively, AX treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in AT, maintained the vascular structure of AT and preserved the stem cells and progenitor's niche, and enhanced anti-inflammatory hypoxia induction factor-2α-dominant hypoxic response. Through these mechanisms of action, it prevented the pathological remodeling of AT and maintained its integrity.
One of the imperatives of public administration is the achievement of efficiency at all levels. Public organizations are responsible to provide the necessary public goods and services to the citizens ...but that too without any discrimination specifically based on affordability. Hence, the multidimensional objectives of public administration demand that performance not only is limited to mere cost–benefit analysis but also incorporates the essential element of providing value to citizens. In the present era where scarce resources have become even scarcer, it is important to visit the historic viewpoints on efficiency in public administration and attempt to foresee its future. This article looks into efficiency as defined in public administration over the years and attempts to predict its meaning and role in the future of the field. It is predicted that advancement in technology will have tremendous impact that will influence the evolution of public administration as a dynamic field.
One of the imperatives of public administration is the achievement of efficiency at all levels. Public organizations are responsible to provide the necessary public goods and services to the citizens ...but that too without any discrimination specifically based on affordability. Hence, the multidimensional objectives of public administration demand that performance not only is limited to mere cost–benefit analysis but also incorporates the essential element of providing value to citizens. In the present era where scarce resources have become even scarcer, it is important to visit the historic viewpoints on efficiency in public administration and attempt to foresee its future. This article looks into efficiency as defined in public administration over the years and attempts to predict its meaning and role in the future of the field. It is predicted that advancement in technology will have tremendous impact that will influence the evolution of public administration as a dynamic field.
This study examined outcomes of public service education in Pakistan. Building on existing models for assessing such programs, we evaluated short-term, intermediate, and long-term outcomes. MPA ...student perceptions were recorded from the two universities of Pakistan offering the largest MPA programs. Short-term outcomes were encouraging: Students showed higher levels of satisfaction with program goals, curriculum, and instructional techniques. Results of intermediate outcomes also are promising: Students showed complete satisfaction with learning and building competencies required in the workplace. Results of long-term outcomes, however, indicate a challenge. Although long-term outcomes are not easy to assess, examining them in a South Asian country characterized by a politicized bureaucracy and centralized public administration authority is even more challenging. The public affairs administrative systems and education programs work in isolation in Pakistan. Students reported a strong desire to develop systems that encourage them using the knowledge and skills they acquired during their MPA programs.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
10.
Newborn Observation Track and Trigger (NOTT) Chart Ahmed, Mansoor; Phillips, Isabel; Karupaih, Ashok ...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan,
03/2016, Volume:
26, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Use of early warning system scores and track-and-trigger charts is widespread in adult and paediatric hospitalized patients; but its use in neonatal group is not well recognized. The authors aimed to ...develop and implement neonatal observation track-and-trigger chart for use in babies on postnatal wards and to assess its efficacy in identifying neonates in need of urgent medical assessment and intervention. Core group developed Newborn Observation Track and Trigger (NOTT) chart for "At-Risk" and "At-High-Risk" Infants. A decision tree was devised based on 'low', 'medium' and 'high' scores. Sensitivity and specificity of NOTT chart's 'medium' and 'high' score was 96% and 90%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive value was 43% and 100%, respectively. NOTT chart is a valuable tool for assessment of neonates on postnatal wards. A prospective study, using large number of participants, would be beneficial to further corroborate this useful tool.
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