Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) pectin is composed of backbone of repeating disaccharide units →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ and neutral sugar side-chains mainly consisting of arabinose and galactose ...having variable types of linkages. However, since traditional pectin extraction methods damages the RG-I structure, the characteristics and health effects of RG-I remains unclear. Recently, many studies have focused on RG-I, which is often more active than the homogalacturonan (HG) portion of pectic polysaccharides. In food products, RG-I is common to fruits and vegetables and possesses many health benefits. This timely and comprehensive review describes the many different facets of RG-I, including its dietary sources, history, metabolism and potential functionalities, all of which have been compiled to establish a platform for taking full advantage of the functional value of RG-I pectin.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
•HFD induced lipid disorders in mice.•DfCS-Ib attenuated lipid disorders (obesity, hyperlipidemia, etc) caused by HFD.•DfCS-Ib restored the expression of metabolic genes in adipose tissue and ...liver.•The anti-hyperlipidemic activity of DfCS-Ib was first reported.
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fCS) and its depolymerized derivative (DfCS), prepared from sea cucumbers, are well-known for their anticoagulant activity. However, their other functional activities are poorly understood. Recently, we obtained fCS oligosaccharides from Isostichopus Badionotus by a modified controllable Fenton-system, named as DfCS-Ib. The functional activities of these oligosaccharides are still unclear. The present study investigated anti-hyperlipidemic activity of DfCS-Ib using a high-fat diet (HFD)–fed mice model. The results indicated that DfCS-Ib reduced obesity, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation caused by HFD. Meanwhile, DfCS-Ib increased the mRNA expression of PPARγ and decreased the mRNA expression of leptin, aP2, and F4/80 in fat tissue. Transcriptome analysis indicated that DfCS-Ib normalized the expressions of genes regulating lipid metabolism. Our results suggested that DfCS-Ib can alleviated lipid disorder by reducing lipid synthesis and promoting lipid lipidolysis. DfCS-Ib can act as a functional agent to regulate lipid disorder.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from Isostichopus badionotus (fCS-Ib) is a kind of sulfated polysaccharides with well-repeated structure. In our former publications, fCS-Ib has been reported to be a ...functional food ingredient with hypoglycemic and antilipemic activities. However, there is no systematic study to investigate the effects of fCS-Ib on metabolic syndromes. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice fed on a high-fat and high sucrose diet (HFSD) for 6 weeks was used to cause metabolic syndromes. The final results showed that fCS-Ib alleviated obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, inflammation, liver steatosis, and adipocyte hypertrophy caused by HFSD. Meanwhile, fCS-Ib showed powerful effects on moderating gut microbiota dysbiosis in the HFSD-fed mice. Supplement of fCS-Ib could reduce ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes by decreasing abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Allobaculum while increasing abundance of Porphyromonadaceae, Barnesiella, and Bacteroides. Our results showed that fCS-Ib could be further developed as a potential pharmaceutical agent to prevent metabolic syndromes and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
•HFSD induced MetS and gut microbiota dysbiosis.•FCS-Ib could alleviate MetS and gut microbiota dysbiosis.•FCS-Ib could decrease the ratio of F/B in the colon of HFSD-fed mice.•fCS-Ib can be functional food for its specific effects.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Fucoidan oligosaccharides could alleviate metabolic syndromes in the HFD-fed mice;•Dfuc-Pg with 4-O-sulfation had better effects on alleviating inflammation in the HFD-fed ...mice.•Fucoidan oligosaccharides mainly modulated the colonic microbiota in the HFD-fed.•Dfuc-Pg with 4-O-sulfation maintained a more balanced gut microbiota profile;
Fucoidans from sea cucumbers are potential functional food ingredients with a well-defined repeating structure. However, there have been fewer function studies of fucoidan oligosaccharides. In the present study, we first compare the functional effects of fucoidan oligosaccharides from Pearsonothuria graeffei (Dfuc-Pg) and Isostichopus Badionotus (Dfuc-Ib) in a high fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse model. Sulfation pattern was the only structural difference in the two fucoidan oligosaccharides. Both Dfuc-Pg and Dfuc-Ib inhibited hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation caused by HFD. Notably, Dfuc-Pg could inhibit macrophages infiltrating into adipose tissue and had better anti-inflammatory activity than Dfuc-Ib. Meanwhile, both fucoidan oligosaccharides could reverse gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly colonic microbiota dysbiosis by decreasing abundance of Firmicutes while increasing abundance of Bacteroidetes. However, Dfuc-Ib dominated with 2-O-sulfo groups increased abundance of Proteobacteria. Dfuc-Pg dominated with 4-O-sulfo groups maintained a better balanced gut microbiota profile. Our results shed a new insight into structure-function relationship of sulfated oligosaccharides.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) is composed of a backbone of repeating disaccharide units →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ with neutral sugar sidechains consisting of arabinose and galactose with ...variable linking types and chain lengths, corresponding to the hairy regions of pectin. This polysaccharide is abundant in the primary cell walls of fruits and vegetables.
Biological functions of RG-I in immunomodulation and functional properties as a supplement and pharmaceutical expedient have increased commercial interest in RG-I extraction from fruit and vegetable waste. However, conventional extraction methods use harsh acid treatments that hydrolyze the side chains of RG-I. Innovative extraction technologies have been developed to preserve RG-I structure with better biological function. Therefore, the present review will focus on the influence of conventional and innovative methods exerts on the RG-I region of pectin from fruits and vegetables.
Non-thermal processing (ultrasound, dielectric barrier discharge plasma, and enzymatic treatment) is superior to conventional and thermal processing (relying on high pressure, microwave and subcritical water extractions) in extracting branched RG-I from fruit and vegetables waste for food and pharmaceutical applications.
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•RG-I is in the hairy region of pectin and has demonstrated biological functions.•Different extraction methods exert an influence on the final structure of pectin.•Harsh extraction conditions gives pectin rich in homogalacturonan but degrades RG-I.•Plasma/enzyme-assisted extraction or mild alkaline extraction gives RG-I pectins.•Combined non-thermal extraction gives pectins rich in neutral RG-I.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I)-enriched pectin (WRP) was recovered from citrus processing water by sequential acid and alkaline treatments in a previous study. RG-I-enriched pectin was proposed as a ...potential supplement for functional food and pharmaceutical development. However, previous studies illustrated that favorable modulations of gut microbiota by RG-I-enriched pectin were based on in vitro changes in the overall microbial structure and the question of whether there is a structure-dependent modulation of gut microbiota remains largely enigmatic. In the present study, modulations of gut microbiota by commercial pectin (CP), WRP and its depolymerized fraction (DWRP) with different RG-I contents and Mw were compared in vivo. It was revealed by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing that WRP and DWRP mainly composed of RG-I modulated the gut microbiota in a positive way. DWRP significantly increased the abundance of prebiotic such as Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., while WRP increased SCFAs producers including species in Ruminococcaceae family. By maintaining a more balanced gut microbiota composition and enriching some SCFA producers, dietary WRP and DWRP also elevated the SCFA content in the colon. Collectively, our findings offer new insights into the structure-activity correlation of citrus pectin and provide impetus towards the development of RG-I-enriched pectin with small molecular weight for specific use in health-promoting prebiotic ingredients and therapeutic products.
Obesity is associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis. Our previous research has shown that highly branched rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG-I)-enriched pectin (WRP, 531.5 kDa, 70.44% RG-I, Rha/(Gal + ...Ara) = 20) and its oligosaccharide with less branched RG-I DWRP, 12.1 kDa, 50.29% RG-I, Rha/(Gal + Ara) = 6 are potential prebiotics. The present study is conducted to uncover the impact of the content, molecular size, and branch degrees of RG-I on the inhibiting effect of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. The commercial pectin (CP, 496.2 kDa, 35.77% RG-I, Rha/(Gal + Ara) = 6), WRP, and DWRP were orally administered to HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice (100 mg kg–1 d–1) to determine their individual effects on obesity. WRP significantly prevented bodyweight gain, insulin resistance, and inflammatory responses in HFD-fed mice. No obvious anti-obesity effect was observed in either CP or DWRP supplementation. A mechanistic study revealed that CP and DWRP could not enhance the diversity of gut microbiota, while WRP treatment positively modulated the gut microbiota of obese mice by increasing the abundance of Butyrivibrio, Roseburia, Barnesiella, Flavonifractor, Acetivibrio, and Clostridium cluster IV. Furthermore, WRP significantly promoted browning of white adipose tissues in HFD-fed mice, while CP and DWRP did not. WRP can attenuate the HFD-induced obesity by modulation of gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Highly branched RG-I domain enrichment is essential for pectin mitigating against the HFD-induced obesity.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
•Proanthocyanidins from Chinese bayberry leaves (BLPs) interact with gelatin.•A novel emulsifier was developed by self-assembly of gelatin and BLPs.•Self-assembly of gelatin and BLPs formed colloidal ...complexes via hydrogen bond.•The colloidal complexes showed higher emulsifying ability than gelatin only.•The colloidal complexes endowed emulsions with better oxidation resistance.
A physicochemically stable emulsion was developed by using a novel emulsifier, which was self-assembled colloidal complex of gelatin (GLT) and proanthocyanidins from Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb et Zucc.) leaves (BLPs), with epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) as structure units. The GLT–BLP colloidal complexes were spherically shaped by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The data of Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed that the main binding force between GLT and BLPs of the colloidal complexes was hydrogen bond. The incorporation of BLPs to GLT provided GLT with stronger affinity at oil-water interface and thus enhanced the physical stability of GLT-stabilizing emulsion. In addition, the emulsions stabilized by the colloidal complexes showed higher oxidation stability than that stabilized by free GLT only. The novel emulsifier developed in this study have potential applications as functional emulsifiers in food-grade emulsions with high anti-oxidation activity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•LP fractions were prepared from peach gum of Prunus persica Batsch.•They were AG II arabinogalactans with β-d-(1→6)-galactan backbone.•Their molecular weight and chain conformation ...were investigated.•Their binding affinities to galectin-3 and anti-tumor activities were investigated.•LP fractions could express their anti-tumor activity by binding to Gal-3.
LP100R, LP10R and LP5R were isolated from peach gum by ultrafiltration. They were identified as AG II arabinogalactans composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galactose, xylose and arabinose, which had a β-d-(1→6)-galactan backbone and were branched at O-3 and O-4. LP100R, LP10R and LP5R exist in a spherical conformation with the molecular weight of 8.50 × 104 g/mol, 4.77 × 104 g/mol and 2.40 × 104 g/mol, respectively. The binding affinities of LP fractions to galectin-3 (Gal-3) were 0.77 μM for LP100R, 2.88 μM for LP10R and 5.15 μM for LP5R, respectively. Meanwhile, an anti-proliferative assay revealed that LP100R possessed higher anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells (IC50, 4.5 mg/mL) and MCF-7 cells (IC50, 0.43 mg/mL) than did LP10R and LP5R, which were in accordance with their binding affinities to galectin-3. Therefore, LP fractions (especially LP100R) might exert the anti-tumor activity by directly inhibiting the Gal-3 mediated proliferation of cancer cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A high-fat diet (HFD) has been a major contributor to increasing morbidity caused by metabolic syndromes. Functional foods from natural sources are potential choices for addressing metabolic diseases ...because they provide many health benefits with a low level of adverse side effects. In our former reports, fucoidan from Pearsonothuria graeffei (fuc-Pg), a type of sulfated polysaccharides with a repeating structure, was shown to be a potential functional food ingredient. In this work, we investigated the effects of fuc-Pg on gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic syndromes caused by HFD. Our results indicated that fuc-Pg could reduce weight gains, alleviate hyperlipidemia, and protect the liver from steatosis in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, fuc-Pg decreases serum inflammatory cytokines and reduces macrophages infiltrating into adipose tissue. The gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by HFD was alleviated by administration of fuc-Pg, mainly working in the colon. Fuc-Pg increased abundances of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria while decreased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Our results indicated that fuc-Pg could be a functional food for gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic syndromes.
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