The transfer of frozen-thawed embryos has been associated with an increased risk of large for gestational age at birth. Our objective is to assess its impact on the risk of large for gestational age ...(LGA) in order to improve the bias control in relation with the available studies. Retrospective cohort study on cumulative sample of 801 single live births of 32 weeks or longer of gestation, resulting from pregnancies obtained by cryopreserved or fresh embryo transfer which are not affected by disorders that could impair fetal growth and carried out at Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, in Madrid, during the period 2005-2017. The relative risk (RR) of LGA has been estimated with its confidence interval (CI) at 95%. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was applied to adjust the crude effect. LGA was more frequent in babies born after cryotransfer in comparison with the reference group (20.9% vs. 6.0%; p < 0.001), as well as macrosomia (8.2% vs. 0.9%; p < 0.001). Frequencies of weight > 4500 g were similar (0.7% vs. 0.1%; p > 0.05). Nulliparity was associated to a higher risk of LGA (RR: 3.8; CI95%: 2.0-7.0; p < 0.005), as well as cleaving embryo transfer (RR: 2; CI95%: 1.07-3.8; p < 0.05). According to the multivariate analysis, the exposure variable was the only one independently associated with LGA (OR: 3.5; CI95%: 2.0-6.1; p < 0.001). Frozen-thawed embryo transfer significantly increases the risk of LGA, regardless of the influence of factors relating to the patient's condition, the embryos transferred, or the fetal sex.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Cancer immunoediting is a dynamic process composed of three phases: elimination (EL), equilibrium (EQ) and escape (ES) that encompasses the potential host-protective and tumor-sculpting functions of ...the immune system throughout tumor development. Animal models are useful tools for studying diseases such as cancer. The present study was designed to characterize the interaction between mammary adenocarcinoma M-406 and CBi, CBi- and CBi/L inbred mice lines.
The mammary adenocarcinoma M-406 developed spontaneously in a CBi mouse. CBi/L and CBi- mice were artificially selected for body conformation from CBi. When CBi mice are s.c. challenged with M-406, tumor growths exponentially in 100% of animals, while in CBi- the tumor growths briefly and then begins a rejection process in 100% of the animals. In CBi/L the growth of the tumor shows the three phases: 51.6% in ES, 18.5% in EQ and 29.8% in EL.
The results obtained support the conclusion that the system M-406 plus the inbred mouse lines CBi, CBi- and CBi/L, is a good murine model to study the process of tumor immunoediting.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the only non-invasive treatment for kidney stones. It does not require an operating room, anesthesia, or hospital stay. Its role evolved over the years ...and nowadays ESWL is slowly disappearing from many stone centers and urologic departments. We present the history and the role of ESWL treatment since its birth in 1959 and its development through the following years. We also present details of its application and impact on the first Italian stone center in 1985. ESWL has had different roles over the centuries: in the early years it was a great alternative to open surgery and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL), then it had its decline with the introduction of the miniscopes. Currently, although ESWL is not considered a treatment of excellence, newer models are emerging. With the application of new technologies and artificial intelligence, this technique can become a good option alongside endourologic treatments.
The aim of this review is to analyze and describe the current landscape of bladder cancer diagnostic and surveillance biomarkers. We researched the literature from 2016 to November 2021 to find the ...most promising new molecules and divided them into seven different subgroups based on their function and location in the cell. Although cystoscopy and cytology are still the gold standard for diagnosis and surveillance when it comes to bladder cancer (BCa), their cost is quite a burden for national health systems worldwide. Currently, the research is focused on finding a biomarker that has high negative predictive value (NPV) and can exclude with a certainty the presence of the tumor, considering missing it could be disastrous for the patient. Every subgroup has its own advantages and disadvantages; for example, protein biomarkers cost less than genomic ones, but on the other hand, they seem to be less precise. We tried to simplify this complicated topic as much as possible in order to make it comprehensible to doctors and urologists that are not as familiar with it, as well as encourage them to actively participate in ongoing research.
El trabajo analiza la situación jurídica de las provincias de Neuquén y Río Negro luego del reconocimiento de su capacidad regulatoria en materia de responsabilidad estatal. A esos fines, examina en ...primer término la actual coyuntura de ausencia de normas legales locales para abordar la temática, reseñando luego las directivas constitucionales a tener en cuenta al momento de sancionar la nueva legislación. ABSTRACT This article analyses the legal situation of the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro after the recognition of their regu- latory capacity in State liability matters. For these purposes, it first examines the current situation of absence of legal rules at the local level to address that issue, and then it points out the relevant constitutional provisions to consider when sanctioning the new legislation.
Purpose: To evaluate the prostate cancer (PCa) detection rate in men with chronic use of Aspirin and to compare it with the detection rate of non-users. Patients and Methods: Prospectively maintained ...database regarding patients undergoing prostate biopsy over the last 10 years in five institutions. Patients were divided into two groups according to their exposure to Aspirin. We relied on multivariable linear and logistic regression models to test whether Aspirin administration was associated with lower PSA values at prostate biopsy, higher PCa diagnosis, and higher Gleason Grade Grouping (GGG) at biopsy. Results: Were identified 1059 patients, of whom 803 (76%) did not take Aspirin vs 256 (24%) were taking it. In multivariable log-linear regression analysis, Aspirin administration was associated with lower PSA levels (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71– 0.97, p = 0.01), after controlling for age, prostate volume, smoking history, associated inflammation at prostate biopsy, presence of PCa at biopsy, and GGG. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, Aspirin administration was not found to be a predictor of PCa at prostate biopsy (OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.82– 2.40, p = 0.21) after controlling for age, PSA, smoking history, prostate volume, findings at digital rectal examination and the number of biopsy cores. In patients with PCa at prostate biopsy (n = 516), Aspirin administration was found to predict higher GGG (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.01– 4.87, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Aspirin administration was found to be a predictor of more aggressive GGG. These findings suggest that a lower PSA threshold should be considered in patients taking Aspirin, as, despite low PSA levels, they might harbour aggressive PCa.
This dissertation contains three essays. The first essay presents new empirical regularities on cross-country differences on wage inequality. The second essay develops a theory of labor compensation ...that hinges on the ability of agents to leverage their knowledge across different occupations, and explores the theoretical and quantitative implications of barriers to entrepreneurship on wage inequality The last essay investigates the effect of openness to trade on innovative activity.
Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, 2013.
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Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta dois estudos de caso relacionados a arquiteturas ;
de implantação de sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) em ambiente web que culminaram no desenvolvimento de um framework composto por um conjunto de ;
componentes de apoio à construção de novos softwares de SIG para web. O primeiro estudo foi realizado com foco na interoperabilidade de serviços de mapas na web, contemplando principalmente as funções de consulta e disponibilização de dados em formatos diversos. Para viabilizar a troca e integração de informações espacializadas, foi necessário o desenvolvimento de alguns componentes que foram escritos sobre tecnologias proprietárias tais como Esri Flex API. Entendidas as limitações que um ;
motor central de código fechado poderia trazer ao objeto principal do estudo, isto é, o desenvolvimento de uma arquitetura de intercâmbio de informações geográficas, surgiu a idéia de construir um conjunto de software que contornassem tais dificuldades. O segundo estudo foi realizado com foco na elaboração de um framework livre para desenvolvimento de SIG em ambiente web de padrão Rich Internet Application (RIA) e que seguisse conceitos da Web 2.0, possibilitando a indexação e visualização de dados provenientes de diferentes tipos de mídia (fotografias, vídeos, documentos) que fossem aderentes aos padrões da Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), mas que, ainda assim, fossem possíveis de serem compartilhadas com outros formatos de dados. Este último ;
estudo buscou ainda reduzir a complexidade e custos de implantação de projetos dessa ;
natureza e facilitar a customização por parte de usuários finais. Ao conjunto de códigos ;
desenvolvidos e sua arquitetura, foi dado o nome de XGIS Flex Framework. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This MSc. Thesis presents two study cases related to the architectures of implementation of geographical information systems (GIS) in web environment that ended in the development of a framework composed by a set of components supporting the preparation of new web GIS software packages. The first study was conducted focused on the interoperability of map services in the web, mainly covering the functions of consultation and release of data at varying formats. In order to enable ;
exchange and integration of spatial information, it was necessary to develop components based on proprietary technologies like ESRI Flex API. After understanding the limitations that a central engine of closed source code could bring to the main object of study, that is, the development of an architecture for the exchange of geographic information, we came out with the idea of building a set of software that would circumvent such difficulties. The second study was conducted focusing on the ;
preparation of a free framework for development of GIS in an environment of Rich Internet Application (RIA) and Web 2.0 concepts. The purpose here was to enable indexing and visualization of data from different types of media (photos, videos, documents) that were adherent not only to the standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), but also to other data formats. The latter study also sought to reduce the complexity and costs of implementation of such projects and to facilitate ;
customization by end users. This set of developed softwares and its architecture was named XGIS Flex Framework.
In this book, Federico Sturzenegger and Mariano Tommasi propose formal models to answer some of the questions raised by the recent reform experience of many Latin American and East European ...countries. They apply common standards of analytical rigor to the study of economic and political behavior, assuming political agents to be rational and forward-looking, with expectations consistent with the properties of the underlying model. The book is organized around three basic questions: first, why do reforms take place? Second, how are reforms implemented? And third, which candidates are most likely to undertake reform? Although most of the chapters deal with policy issues in developing economies, the findings also apply to areas such as social security and health care reform in industrialized countries.
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