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•New synthetic and catalytic design with redox-active ligands/non-innocent ligands (RALs/NILs).•RALs/NILs is use for supplying and pooling multiple electrons and active hydrogen ...species.•RALs/NILs can act as spectators, moderators, suppliers/poolers, cooperators, or actors.•Excited-state hydrogen detachment (ESHD) as an alternative trigger for chemical reactions.•The ESHDs of a RAL/NIL realize various photochemical reactions in solution.•Chemical-, electrochemical- and photochemical activations of a RAL/NIL are described.
A central issue in the design of reactions and catalysts based on metal complexes is the hybridization of functional ligands with metal atoms. Recent studies have demonstrated that redox-active/non-innocent ligands can potentially act as spectators, moderators, electron/H+/0/– supplier/poolers, cooperators, or actors, depending on their role(s) in the reaction. In this review, we will highlight selected stoichiometric or catalytic reactions driven by substituted ethylenes and dithiolenes, as well as six-membered ligands, such as catecholato, benezendithiolato, aminophenolato, and o-phenelyenediamine derivatives. Chemically, electrochemically, and photochemically induced lability of these ligands can be expected to provide an enriched recipe for a platform toward useful bond-activation and bond-formation processes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Recently, interest in sleep disturbances, such as sleep disordered breathing (SDB), short sleep duration, and non-restorative sleep (NRS), has been increasing. The potentially large public health ...implications of sleep disturbances indicate a need to determine their prevalence in a general population. This review describes the characteristics of population-based sleep cohorts from past to present. Unavoidable methodological and baseline characteristic heterogeneity was found between studies. The prevalence of SDB (apnea hypopnea index (AHI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), or oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ≥5/h) was 24.0–83.8% in men and 9.0–76.6% in women, and that of moderate-to-severe SDB (AHI, RDI, or ODI ≥15/h) was 7.2–67.2% in men and 4.0–50.9% in women. Additionally, the prevalence of SDB in post-menopausal women was 3–6 times higher than in pre-menopausal women. The prevalence of subjective short sleep duration (<6 h) was 7.5–9.6%, while that of objective short sleep duration (<6 h) was 22.1–53.3%. The prevalence of NRS was 19.2–31.0% in men and 26.3–42.1% in women, as determined from studies using a yes-no questionnaire, while a multi-national survey using a telephone-based expert system showed a wide range of prevalence between countries, from 2.4% to 16.1%. An association between SDB, short sleep duration, and NRS has recently been suggested. To gain a better understanding of the burden of sleep disturbances, a consensus on the definition of several sleep disturbances is needed, as methodological heterogeneity exists, including SDB scoring rules, subjective versus objective data collection for short sleep duration, and the definition of NRS itself.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Magnetohydrodynamic kink waves naturally form as a consequence of perturbations to a structured medium, for example, transverse oscillations of coronal loops. Linear theory has provided many ...insights into the evolution of linear oscillations, and results from these models are often applied to infer information about the solar corona from observed wave periods and damping times. However, simulations show that nonlinear kink waves can host the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI), which subsequently creates turbulence in the loop, dynamics that are beyond linear models. In this paper we investigate the evolution of KHI-induced turbulence on the surface of a flux tube where a nonlinear fundamental kink mode has been excited. We control our numerical experiment so that we induce the KHI without exciting resonant absorption. We find two stages in the KHI turbulence dynamics. In the first stage, we show that the classic model of a KHI turbulent layer growing at ∝ t is applicable. We adapt this model to make accurate predictions of the damping of the oscillation and turbulent heating as a consequence of the KHI dynamics. In the second stage, the now dominant turbulent motions are undergoing decay. We find that the classic model of energy decay proportional to t −2 approximately holds and provides an accurate prediction of the heating in this phase. Our results show that we can develop simple models for the turbulent evolution of a nonlinear kink wave, but the damping profiles produced are distinct from those of linear theory that are commonly used to confront theory and observations.
This work reports that the redox-active metalloligand (ML)
fac
-Cr
III
(mp)
3
3−
(mp: 2-mercaptophenolato) coordinates with a Co(
iii
) ion to afford the trianionic complex Co
III
{
fac
-Cr
III
(mp)
...3
}
2
3−
. The free ML shows ligand-centered redox processes, whereas the guest-metal-bound trinuclear structure exhibited a guest-metal-centered Co(
ii
)/Co(
iii
) redox couple, demonstrating redox switching through guest-metal binding to the MLs.
This work demonstrated the S-site binding tri-nuclear structure using a tris-type 2-mercaptophenolato metalloligand and switching of the redox centers.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is categorized into bleeding, organ failure, massive bleeding, and non-symptomatic types according to the sum of vectors for hypercoagulation and ...hyperfibrinolysis. The British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Japanese Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and the Italian Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis published separate guidelines for DIC; however, there are several differences between these three sets of guidelines. Therefore, the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) recently harmonized these differences and published the guidance of diagnosis and treatment for DIC. There are three different diagnostic criteria according to the Japanese Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare, ISTH, and Japanese Association of Acute Medicine. The first and second criteria can be used to diagnose the bleeding or massive bleeding types of DIC, while the third criteria cover organ failure and the massive bleeding type of DIC. Treatment of underlying conditions is recommended in three types of DIC, with the exception of massive bleeding. Blood transfusions are recommended in patients with the bleeding and massive bleeding types of DIC. Meanwhile, treatment with heparin is recommended in those with the non-symptomatic type of DIC. The administration of synthetic protease inhibitors and antifibrinolytic therapy is recommended in patients with the bleeding and massive bleeding types of DIC. Furthermore, the administration of natural protease inhibitors is recommended in patients with the organ failure type of DIC, while antifibrinolytic treatment is not. The diagnosis and treatment of DIC should be carried out in accordance with the type of DIC.
Both disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) cause microvascular thrombosis associated with thrombocytopenia, bleeding tendency and organ failure.
The ...frequency of DIC is higher than that of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Many patients with TMA are diagnosed with DIC, but only about 15% of DIC patients are diagnosed with TMA. Hyperfibrinolysis is observed in most patients with DIC, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is observed in most patients with TMA. Markedly decreased ADAMTS13 activity, the presence of Shiga-toxin-producing
(STEC) and abnormality of the complement system are useful for the diagnosis of TTP, STEC-hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)and atypical HUS, respectively. However, there are no specific biomarkers for the diagnosis of DIC.
Although DIC and TMA are similar appearances, all coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet systems are activated in DIC, and only platelets are markedly activated in TMA.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
High-silica CHA-type aluminosilicates (Si/Al molar ratio >100) were synthesized hydrothermally in the absence of fluoride media, where the seed-assisted aging treatment played an important role on ...the crystallization. These aluminosilicates showed a long catalytic lifetime with high selectivity toward lower olefins in the methanol-to-olefins reaction.
Reaction of Mes2BF with trimethylsilyl triflate (Me3SiOTf) and Ag(IMe)2Ag2I3 (IMe = 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) in refluxing chlorobenzene affords the carbene-stabilized borenium salt ...(IMe)BMes2OTf (1OTf). As indicated by cyclic voltammetry, 1+ is reversibly reduced to produce a radical that has been characterized by EPR spectroscopy.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Low-intensity whole-body vibration (LIWBV) may stimulate bone healing, but the involvement of vascular ingrowth, which is essential for bone regeneration, has not been well examined. We thus ...investigated the LIWBV effect on vascularization during early-stage bone healing. Mice aged 13 weeks were subjected to cortical drilling on tibial bone. Two days after surgery (day 0), mice were exposed daily to sine-wave LIWBV at 30 Hz and 0.1 g peak-to-peak acceleration for 20 min/day (Vib) or were sham-treated (sham). Following vascular casting with a zirconium-based contrast agent on days 6, 9, or 12 and sacrifice, vascular and bone images were obtained by K-edge subtraction micro-CT using synchrotron lights. Bone regeneration advanced more in the Vib group from days 9 to 12. The vascular volume fraction decreased from days 6 to 9 in both groups; however, from days 9 to 12, it was increased in shams, while it stabilized in the Vib group. The vascular volume fraction tended to be or was smaller in the Vib group on days 6 and 12. The vessel number density was higher on day 9 but lower on day 12 in the Vib group. These results suggest that the LIWBV-promoted bone repair is associated with the modulation of vascularization, but additional studies are needed to determine the causality of this association.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
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