Abstract Objectives Although ankle sprains have the highest recurrence rate of any musculoskeletal injury, objective estimates of when an athlete is likely to return-to-play (RTP) are unknown. The ...purpose was to compare time to return-to-play probability timelines for new and recurrent ankle sprains in interscholastic athletes. Design Observational. Methods Ankle sprain data were collected at seven high schools during the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 academic years. Ankle sprains were categorized by time lost from participation (same day return, next-day return, 3-day return, 7-day return, 10-day return, >22-day return, no return censored data). Time-to-event analyses were used to determine the influence of ankle injury history on return-to-play after an ankle sprain. Results 204 ankle sprains occurred during 479,668 athlete-exposures, 163 were new (4 censored) and 35 recurrent (1 censored). There was no significant difference ( p = 0.89) between the time-to-event curves for new and recurrent ankle sprains. The median (inter-quartile rage) time to return-to-play for new sprains (inter-quartile range) = 3 days (same day to 7 day return); recurrent sprains = next day return (next day to 7 day return). Noteworthy probabilities 95% CIs include: same day return (new = 25.218.7, 31.9, recurrent = 17.16.6, 30.3); next-day return (new = 43.635.3, 52.7, recurrent = 51.432.5, 67.5); and 7-day return (new = 85.973.8, 94.4, recurrent = 94.347.8, 99.5). Conclusions Previous injury history did not affect time until return-to-play probabilities for ankle sprains. Time until return-to-play analyses that describe the likelihood of return-to-play are useful to clinicians by providing prognostic guidelines and can be used for educating athletes, coaches, and parents about the likely timeframe of being withheld from play.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Abstract Objectives To determine if differences in weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) reach distances were present between participants ...with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and healthy individuals. A secondary objective was to re-examine the relationship between these measures in participants with and without CAI. Design Case–control. Methods Thirty participants with CAI were matched to 30 healthy participants. All participants performed maximum reach in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions of the SEBT; as well as, the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test (WBLT) to measure DFROM. Dependent variables included maximal DFROM (cm) and normalized SEBT reach distances (%). Independent t -tests were used for group comparisons (a priori p ≤ 0.05). Simple-linear regression examined the relationship between the WBLT and each SEBT direction. Results Significant differences were detected between groups for the WBLT (CAI: 10.73 ± 3.44 cm, healthy: 12.47 ± 2.51 cm; p = 0.03) and anterior reach distance (CAI: 76.05 ± 6.25%, healthy: 80.12 ± 5.88%; p = 0.01). No differences were identified in posteromedial or posterolateral ( p s > 0.70) reach. The WBLT had a significant moderate correlation to anterior reach in both groups ( p s < 0.05) but was not significantly correlated to posteromedial or posterolateral reach distance ( p s > 0.70). Conclusions The results indicate that participants with CAI demonstrated less DFROM and anterior SEBT reach distance compared to health controls. Additionally, both groups demonstrated similar correlations between WBLT and SEBT performance. These findings suggest that participants with CAI have alterations in ankle motion which may negatively influence dynamic postural control; however, the relationship between WBLT and SEBT performance is consistent in those with and without CAI.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Copious research exists regarding ankle instability, yet lateral ankle sprains (LASs) persist in being among the most common recurrent musculoskeletal injuries. Key anatomical structures of the ankle ...include a triform articulating structure that includes the inferior tibiofibular, talocrural, and subtalar joints. Functionally, force absorption and propulsion through the ankle complex are necessary for any task that occurs in weight bearing. For optimal ankle performance and avoidance of injury, an intricate balance between stability and mobility is necessary to ensure that appropriate force transfer occurs during sports and activities of daily living. Consideration for the many structures that may be directly or indirectly involved in LASs will likely translate into advancements in clinical care. In this clinical review, we present the structure, function, and relevant pathologic states of the ankle complex to stimulate a better understanding of the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of LASs.
Abstract
Motivation and aim
Mapping the spatial distribution of biodiversity is critical for understanding its fundamental drivers (e.g. speciation, environmental filtering) as well as for ...conservation assessment. An important dimension of this topic is how the distributions of subsets of species contribute to the overall distribution of biodiversity. Although studies have previously investigated the role of geographically common and rare species in determining these patterns, their respective contributions appear to vary between studies. Knowing which species contribute disproportionately to the spatial distribution of biodiversity enables the identification of key indicator species for biodiversity assessments across large areas and is important for prioritising areas for conservation actions. An extensive review of the literature was carried out to synthesise research on how geographic rarity contributes to spatial patterns of biodiversity. We identify potential explanations for the discrepancies in findings between studies and identify opportunities for further research.
Results
Many studies on the contribution of geographic commonness and rarity to the spatial distribution of biodiversity focus on species richness. A prevalent view is that common (widespread) species contribute disproportionately, although this is not ubiquitous across studies due to factors such as the geographic extent from which relative rarity is quantified. We identify research pathways that will further improve our knowledge of how geographically common and rare species shape the spatial distribution of biodiversity including the impact of spatial scale on species contributions and the incorporation of biodiversity components beyond taxonomic alpha diversity, that is functional and phylogenetic diversity.
Main conclusions
Future research should incorporate multiple biodiversity components and model scale dependency. This will further our knowledge on the underlying processes that shape the spatial variation of biodiversity across the planet and help inform biological surveys and conservation activities.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
No consensus exists about the influence of compliance with neuromuscular training programs on reduction of the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.
To systematically review and synthesize ...the published literature to determine if compliance with neuromuscular training is associated with reduced incidence of ACL injury in young female athletes.
We searched PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and MEDLINE for articles published from 1995 to 2010 using the key words anterior cruciate ligament prevention, ACL prevention, knee prevention, prospective knee prevention, neuromuscular training, and neuromuscular intervention.
Criteria for inclusion required that (1) the number of ACL injuries was reported, (2) a neuromuscular training program was used, (3) females were included as participants, (4) the study design was prospective and controlled, and (5) compliance data for the neuromuscular training program were provided.
Extracted data included the number of ACL injuries, total number of participants per group, observation time period, number of participants who completed each session, number of sessions completed by an entire team, and number of total sessions. Attendance was calculated as the number of participants who completed each session converted into a percentage of the total number of participants. Intervention completion was calculated as the number of sessions completed by an entire team converted into a percentage of the total number of training sessions. These data were used to calculate an overall rate of compliance.
Six of 205 identified studies were included. Incidence rates of ACL injury were lower in studies with high rates of compliance with neuromuscular training than in studies with low compliance rates (incidence rate ratio = 0.27 95% confidence interval = 0.07, 0.80). Tertile analysis indicated rates of ACL injury incidence were lower in studies with high compliance rates than in studies with moderate and low compliance rates (incidence rate ratio = 0.18 95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.77).
A potential inverse dose-response relationship exists between compliance with neuromuscular training and incidence of ACL injury. Attending and completing recommended neuromuscular sessions appears to be an important factor for preventing ACL injuries.
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has maintained some form of injury surveillance since 1982, beginning with the NCAA Injury Surveillance System.3,4 Over time, this program has ...evolved through a series of adaptations and advancements to reach its current state, which is now known as the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP). The Datalys Center currently manages several epidemiology programs, including the NCAA-ISP; the High School National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance program; the High School Reporting Information Online; the Concussion Assessment Research and Education Project; and the Consortium for Catastrophic Injury Monitoring in Sport. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a brief overview of consuming and critiquing epidemiology research, including (1) a review of basic concepts, (2) how to critically appraise the methods and results of epidemiology research, and (3) how to apply epidemiology research findings to clinical practice, education, and research. If a sample was drawn to represent the overall population of interest, it would be important to determine if the sample was representative of the population for which inferences (logical explanations and predictions about the population) will be made.5 Internal Validity Internal validity is the extent to which a cause-and-effect relationship can be drawn between a determinant (risk factor) and an outcome (injury).8 To assess internal validity, we identify sources of potential bias.
Subsidence after a subduction zone earthquake can cause major changes in estuarine bathymetry. Here, we quantify the impacts of earthquake‐induced subsidence on hydrodynamics and habitat ...distributions in a major system, the lower Columbia River Estuary, using a hydrodynamic and habitat model. Model results indicate that coseismic subsidence increases tidal range, with the smallest changes at the coast and a maximum increase of ∼10% in a region of topographic convergence. All modeled scenarios reduce intertidal habitat by 24%–25% and shifts ∼93% of estuarine wetlands to lower‐elevation habitat bands. Incorporating dynamic effects of tidal change from subsidence yields higher estimates of remaining habitat by multiples of 0–3.7, dependent on the habitat type. The persistent tidal change and chronic habitat disturbance after an earthquake poses strong challenges for estuarine management and wetland restoration planning, particularly when coupled with future sea‐level rise effects.
Plain Language Summary
The land in many estuaries along the Pacific Rim has been repeatedly changed by major earthquakes. Previous earthquakes, such as the CE 1700 rupture along the 1,000‐km Cascadia Subduction Zone of western North America, produced as much as 2 m of land‐surface lowering. This study employs a hydrodynamic model to show that the relative sea‐level rise resulting from such lowering would increase tidal range and affect nearly all existing wetland habitat in the lower Columbia River Estuary. In our primary scenario, approximately ∼93% of current wetland habitat converts to lower‐elevation types, with changes largely due to land‐surface lowering but also influenced by tidal changes. Thus, the chronic, long‐term disturbance to habitat conditions after an earthquake poses a similar long‐term risk to estuarine ecology as extreme global sea‐level rise scenarios. Understanding such earthquake effects may assist the development of more resilient habitat restoration strategies.
Key Points
Earthquake‐induced subsidence results in the movement of ∼93% of intertidal habitat to lower habitat zones
Post earthquake, tidal range increases by up to 0.25 m in channels; capturing such changes requires a dynamic model
Both subsidence and changes in tidal range alter habitats, especially sandflats and low marshes
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary Objective To be used in diagnostic studies, it must be demonstrated that biomarkers can differentiate between diseased and non-diseased patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ...answer the following questions: (1) Is serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP) elevated in patients with radiographically diagnosed knee osteoarthritis (OA) compared to controls? (2) Are there differences in sCOMP levels when comparing differing radiographic OA severities to controls? Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources : A systematic search of CINAHL, PEDro, Medline, and SportsDiscus was completed in March 2010. Keywords : knee, osteoarthritis, sCOMP, radiography. Study inclusion criteria : Studies were written in English, compared healthy adults with knee OA patients, used the Kellgren Lawrence (K/L) classification, measured sCOMP, and reported means and standard deviations for sCOMP. Results For question 1, seven studies were included resulting in seven comparisons. A moderate overall effect size (ES) indicated sCOMP was consistently elevated in those with radiographically diagnosed knee OA when compared to controls (ES = 0.60, P < 0.001). For question 2, four studies were included resulting in 13 comparisons between radiographic OA severity levels and controls. Strong ESs were calculated for K/L-1 (ES = 1.43, P = 0.28), K/L-3 (ES = 1.05, P = 0.04), and K/L-4 (ES = 1.40, P = 0.003). A moderate ES was calculated for K/L-2 (ES = 0.60, P = 0.01). Conclusions These results indicate sCOMP is elevated in patients with knee OA and is sensitive to OA disease progression. Future research studies with a higher level of evidence should be conducted to investigate the use of this biomarker as an indicator for OA development and progression.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We describe a novel improved approach to the synthesis of the important and well-known heat shock protein 70 inhibitor (HSP70), pifithrin-μ, with corresponding and previously unreported ...characterisation. The first example of a combination study comprising HSP70 inhibitor pifithrin-μ and cisplatin or oxaliplatin is reported. We have determined, using the Chou-Talalay method, (i) moderate synergistic and synergistic effects in co-treating PC-3 prostate cancer cells with pifithrin-μ and cisplatin and (ii) significant synergistic effects including strong synergism in cotreating HT29 colorectal cancer cells with oxaliplatin and pifithrin-μ.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
