The RefSeq project at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) maintains and curates a publicly available database of annotated genomic, transcript, and protein sequence records ...(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/). The RefSeq project leverages the data submitted to the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) against a combination of computation, manual curation, and collaboration to produce a standard set of stable, non-redundant reference sequences. The RefSeq project augments these reference sequences with current knowledge including publications, functional features and informative nomenclature. The database currently represents sequences from more than 55,000 organisms (>4800 viruses, >40,000 prokaryotes and >10,000 eukaryotes; RefSeq release 71), ranging from a single record to complete genomes. This paper summarizes the current status of the viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic branches of the RefSeq project, reports on improvements to data access and details efforts to further expand the taxonomic representation of the collection. We also highlight diverse functional curation initiatives that support multiple uses of RefSeq data including taxonomic validation, genome annotation, comparative genomics, and clinical testing. We summarize our approach to utilizing available RNA-Seq and other data types in our manual curation process for vertebrate, plant, and other species, and describe a new direction for prokaryotic genomes and protein name management.
Application of conventional (plant pressing followed by air drying) and Schweinfurth drying techniques to different plant taxa is shown to result in both significant contraction and, occasionally, ...significant expansion of plant organs. The results are taxon dependent. The Schweinfurth drying process usually results in greater shrinkage than conventional drying. Herbarium specimens are shown to exhibit significant differences in the dimensions of plant organs as compared to fresh material. Organ accessibility and availability can also have an impact on the dimensions recorded and, as with the drying process, an impact on the correct recognition of taxa. The lack of discussion of these important differences, their impact on other taxonomic processes and suggestions for further investigation, for example the use of spirit preserved material and rehydration of herbarium material, are highlighted.
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Surveys of three Irish endemic Hieracium species were undertaken in 2006 and 2007 to provide information for their conservation. Hieracium argentatum mainly occurs on rocky riversides or open rocks, ...usually sandstone, in open vegetation. A total of 870 plants were found in seven sites, and the species was not refound in five sites. The extant populations currently appear to be healthy and under relatively low threat; it has an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat category of 'Vulnerable'. Hieracium scullyi is found on acidic sandstone rocks on rocky riverbanks in the zone between winter floods and summer flows, on the associated rocks above, on rocks by lakes and rarely on bridges. A total of 210 plants were found in eight populations, and the species has disappeared from one site; it has an IUCN threat category of 'Endangered'. Hieracium sparsifrons is also found in rocky rivers and on bridges in open vegetation. A total of 204 plants were found in the six known sites; the species has an IUCN threat category of 'Endangered'. The main threats are outlined. Some material has been collected for ex situ conservation.
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