STUDY DESIGN.Animal experimental study.
OBJECTIVE.Evaluate the effect of physical activity and overtraining condition on glycosaminoglycan concentration on the intervertebral disc (IVD) using a rat ...running model.
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.Some guidelines recommend the implementation of a physical exercise program as treatment for low back pain; however, cyclic loading impact on the health of the IVD and whether there is a dose-response relationship is still incompletely understood.
METHODS.Thirty-two rats ages 8 weeks were divided into four groups with eight animals each. The first 8 weeks were the adaptive phase, the overtraining phase was from the ninth to the eleventh week, which consisted of increasing the number of daily training sessions from 1 to 4 and the recovery phase was represented by the 12th and 13th weeks without training. Control group 1 (CG1) did not undergo any kind of training. Control group 2 (CG2) completed just the adaptive phase. Overtraining group 1 (OT1) completed the overtraining phase. Overtraining group 2 (OT2) completed the recovery phase. Running performance tests were used to assess the “overtraining” status of the animals. IVD glycosaminoglycans were extracted and quantified, and identified by electrophoresis.
RESULTS.Glycosaminoglycans showed a distribution between chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Glycosaminoglycans quantification showed decreasing concentration at the following orderOT1 > CG2 > OT2 > CG1. Increased expression of dermatan sulfate was verified at the groups submitted to any training.
CONCLUSION.Overtraining condition, as assessed by muscle and cardiovascular endurance did not lessen glycosaminoglycan concentration in the IVD. In fact, physical exercise increased glycosaminoglycan concentration in the IVD in proportion to the training load, even at overtraining condition, returning to normal levels after the recovery phase and glycosaminoglycan production is a reversible acute positive response for mechanical stimulation of the IVD.Level of EvidenceN/A
Background
The number of post-bariatric patients had a significant increase over the last years, and a better understanding of the consequences of massive weight loss on skin is imperative. Despite ...weight-loss-related changes in collagen and elastin have been reported, less is known about changes in another of the matrix components of the skin, the glycosaminoglycans. The objective of this study is to evaluate abdominal skin glycosaminoglycans concentrations and perlecan and collagen III expression in post-bariatric female patients.
Methods
Skin tissue samples from the abdomen of lean (
n
= 19) and post-bariatric (
n
= 24) female patients were compared. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid were extracted, characterized and quantified. Perlecan and collagen III expression was assessed by immunofluorescence.
Results
The major glycosaminoglycans found were dermatan sultafe and hyaluronic acid; the others were found in smaller amounts. The skin of the post-bariatric patients had lower concentrations of heparan sulfate (
p
= 0.002) while hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate concentrations were similar to the lean women’s skin. Post-bariatric skin showed decreased expression of perlecan and increased expression of collagen III. No correlation was found among glycosaminoglycans concentrations and age, body mass index, frequency of pregnancies, or skin types, but it was observed in higher skin heparan sulfate concentrations in post-bariatric patients who had their weights stabilized for over than 24 months (
p
= 0.000).
Conclusion
Abdominal skin of post-bariatric women presented decreased heparan sulfate concentrations and perlecan expression and increased expression of collagen III.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The interest in bioactive compounds from natural sources, such as marine organisms, has increased considerably in recent years. Among these compounds, sulfated polysaccharides from seaweed exhibit a ...broad spectrum of biological activities. Sulfated polysaccharides from green algae are still poorly investigated. For this reason, in this study, using unusual methodologies, such as extraction conditions, FACE, and RAMAN, we investigated the structural features of F50UL and F70UL sulfated polysaccharides from Ulva lactuca L. and their distinct in vitro anticoagulant and in vivo antithrombotic activities. Sulfated polysaccharides of U. lactuca were obtained by enzymatic proteolysis with ALCALASE® and fractionated by acetone precipitation. F50Ul and F70Ul sulfated polysaccharides with higher yield were partially chemically characterized by Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) and RAMAN spectroscopy analysis and submitted to an in vitro screening by APTT, PT, TT, and anti-factor Xa and IIa tests. The venae cavae ligature experimental model for the analysis of in vivo antithrombotic activity of F50Ul and F70Ul sulfated polysaccharides were also performed. The U. lactuca L. sulfated polysaccharides characterization by FACE and RAMAN showed a typical ulvans structure that contains as principal component rhamnose, but other monosaccharides (uronic acid, glucose, and galactose) are present. F50Ul (0.1–1.0 μg/μl) showed anticoagulant activity in vitro. However, F70Ul that has a similar composition did not present these effects. Also, only F50Ul sulfated polysaccharides (≥5 μg/g) showed a great in vivo antithrombotic concentration-dependent and time-dependent activity. In summary, we demonstrate the use of unusual extraction and characterization analysis procedures for U. lactuca L. sulfated polysaccharides and the ability of F50Ul to reduce the weight of thrombus in rats probably by the association with factors Xa and IIa inhibition. These results provide strong evidence of the anticoagulant potential of these sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Ulva lactuca L.
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•Sulfated polysaccharides from Ulvalactuca L. obtained by proteolytic procedures•Raman structural analysis of seaweed sulfated polysaccharides•U. lactuca sulfated polysaccharides were able to inhibit the coagulation Factor Xa.•In vivo inhibition of clot formation by sulfated polysaccharides from U.lactuca L.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The anti-inflammatory properties of a heparin-like compound from the shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei are related. Besides reducing significantly (
p
<
0.001) the influx of inflammatory cells to injury ...site in a model of acute inflammation, shrimp heparin-like compound was able to reduce the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activity in the peritoneal lavage of inflamed animals. Moreover, this compound also reduced almost 90% the activity of MMP-9 secreted by human activated leukocytes. Negligible anti-coagulant activities in aPPT assay and a poor bleeding potential make this compound a better alternative than mammalian heparin as a possible anti-inflammatory drug.
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Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Previous reports have shown that heparin may promote human hypotension and vascular relaxation by elevation of NO levels through unclear mechanisms. We hypothesized that endothelial muscarinic M3 ...receptor activation mediates the heparin-induced vasodilation of rat aortic rings. The experiments were carried out using unfractionated heparin extracted from bovine intestinal mucosa, which elicited an endothelium and NO-dependent relaxation of aortic segments with maximal potency and efficacy (EC50100±10 μmol/L; Emax41±3%). Atropine and 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide inhibitors reduced the heparin-dependent relaxation, indicating that M3 muscarinic receptor is involved in this phenomenon. However, no direct binding of heparin to muscarinic receptors was observed. More importantly, studies performed using the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide and 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-1H-pyrazolo3,4-daypyrimidin-4-amine, an Src family inhibitor, reduced by 51% and 73% the heparin-dependent relaxation, respectively, suggesting the coupling of heparin and M3 receptor through extracellular matrix molecules and integrin. Furthermore, unfractionated heparin induced activation of focal adhesion protein kinase, Src, and paxillin. Finally, fluorescence resonance energy transfer approach confirmed the interaction of the M3 receptor to integrin. Taken together, these data demonstrate the participation of M3 receptor and integrin in heparin-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism and potential pharmacological action of heparin in vascular physiology.
Fucan is a term used to denominate a family of sulfated L-fucose-rich polysaccharides. The brown alga Spatoglossum schröederi (Dictyotaceae) has three heterofucans namely fucan A, B and C. The 21 kDa ...fucan A is composed of a core of a beta (1-3) glucuronic acid-containing oligosaccharide of 4.5 kDa with branches at C4 of the fucose chains alpha (1-3) linked. The fucose is mostly substituted at C4 with a sulfate group and at C2 with chains of beta (1-4) xylose. This fucan has neither anticoagulant (from from 0.1 to 100 microg) nor hemorrhagic activities (from 50 to 800 microg/mL). The antithrombotic test in vivo showed that fucan A has no activity in any of the concentrations (from 0.2 to 20 microg/g/day) tested 1 h after polysaccharide administration. However, when fucan A was injected endovenously 24 h before the ligature of the venae cavae, we observed a dose-dependent effect, reaching saturation at around 20 microg/g of rat weight. In addition, this effect is also time-dependent, reaching saturation around 16 h after fucan administration. In addition, regardless of the administration route, fucan A displayed antithrombotic activity. The exception was the oral pathway. Of particular importance was the finding that fucan A stimulates the synthesis of an antithrombotic heparan sulfate from endothelial cells like heparin. The hypothesis has been raised that the in vivo antithrombotic activity of fucan A is related to the increased production of this heparan. Taken together with the fact that the compound is practically devoid of anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activity, the data suggest that it may be an ideal antithrombotic agent in vivo.
Sulfated polysaccharides were extracted with acetone from brown algae Padina gymnospora. The fraction precipitated with 1.5 volumes of acetone (F1.5) purified in Sephadex G-75 was characterized by ...infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance of 13C and ¹H, through which the presence of sulfate groups on the C4 of α-L-fucose could be observed. This polysaccharide showed that an MW of 25,000 Da was effective in reducing leukocyte influx into the peritoneal cavity in mice at 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg body weight, causing a decrease of 60 and 39%, respectively. In the present study, it was observed that this fucan has anti-inflammatory properties but no cytotoxic action, indicating its potential use in the pharmaceutical industry.
Previous reports have shown that heparin may promote human hypotension and vascular relaxation by elevation of NO levels through unclear mechanisms. We hypothesized that endothelial muscarinic M
3
...receptor activation mediates the heparin-induced vasodilation of rat aortic rings. The experiments were carried out using unfractionated heparin extracted from bovine intestinal mucosa, which elicited an endothelium and NO-dependent relaxation of aortic segments with maximal potency and efficacy (EC
50
: 100±10 μmol/L; E
max
: 41±3%). Atropine and 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide inhibitors reduced the heparin-dependent relaxation, indicating that M
3
muscarinic receptor is involved in this phenomenon. However, no direct binding of heparin to muscarinic receptors was observed. More importantly, studies performed using the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide and 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-1H-pyrazolo3,4-daypyrimidin-4-amine, an Src family inhibitor, reduced by 51% and 73% the heparin-dependent relaxation, respectively, suggesting the coupling of heparin and M
3
receptor through extracellular matrix molecules and integrin. Furthermore, unfractionated heparin induced activation of focal adhesion protein kinase, Src, and paxillin. Finally, fluorescence resonance energy transfer approach confirmed the interaction of the M
3
receptor to integrin. Taken together, these data demonstrate the participation of M
3
receptor and integrin in heparin-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism and potential pharmacological action of heparin in vascular physiology.
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