Rezultati nadzora koji je 2009. godine nad klubovima provela UEFA pokazali su da više od polovine od ukupno 655 europskih klubova posluje s gubicima. I to ogromnim gubicima, posve nesrazmjernim ...njihovim financijskim mogućnostima. Tri najveća europska kluba bila su u takvom financijskom rasulu da bi, da su bili tretirani kao ostali poduzetnici, bankrotirali u roku od dvije godine. Kako je to razdoblje koincidiralo s proširivanjem legislativnih ovlasti EU i na pitanja sporta i s fokusom Komisije na „dobrom upravljanju“, već 2010. godine UEFA je predstavila novi Pravilnik o licenciranju klubova i financijskom fair playu. Navedenim se Pravilnikom uvelo poslovanje na „točki pokrića“, kao temelj financijske održivosti europskih klubova, međutim, od samih početaka njegove primjene sporan je njegov odnos s odredbama prava EU o tržišnom natjecanju. U tom limbu Pravilnik egzistira već 8 godina i polako se počinju nazirati stvarni učinci njegove primjene. Pokazalo se, naime, da i pravni i ekonomski učinci nerijetko imaju neočekivani efekt, osobito u kombinaciji s pravom EU. Namjera je autorice u ovom radu detaljno promotriti odredbe Pravilnika kroz različite prizme: odnos s odredbama prava EU, njegove ekonomske učinke, utjecaj na stabilnost i kompetitivnu ravnotežu.
The results of supervision which UEFA in 2009 carried out on clubs showed that more than half of a total of 655 European clubs are in debt. Moreover, these are huge debts which are disproportionate with their financial possibilities. The three biggest European clubs were in such financial disarray that they were in two years, treated like other businesses, declared to be bankrupt. That period coincided with the widening of EU legislative powers and in sport issues and with the focus of the Commission on “sound management”. In 2010, UEFA presented a new Rulebook on the licensing of clubs and financial fair play. This Rulebook introduced doing business on “point of financial security” as their basis for the financial sustainability of European clubs. However, from the very beginning of its application its relation with EU legal regulations on competitiveness was disputable. This Rulebook existed in this limbo for 8 years and slowly real effects of its application are starting to be supervised. Namely legal and economic effects were often shown to have an unexpected effect, especially in combination with EU law. The intention here is to observe in detail the Rulebook’s regulations through various prisms: relation to EU legal regulations, its economic effects and the effect on stability and competitive balance.
Abstract
This article presents an analysis of contractual relations in sport from the standpoint of the Croatian legislative system. Due to the complexity of the subject matter, the author considers ...only a small fragment of it - the significance and the role of sport in Croatian society and the law of contracts „as a cornerstone on which „sports law“ has been built and which is of primary importance in most areas where there is an interface between sport and the law, irrespective of whether the sport is being played at an elite level or at a more humble one“.
Bearing in mind the limited extent of this article, the autor tries to provide some clarifications and some guidance on how to deal with the designation and the determination of the applicable law for contracts in the sporting context. Considering that there are different legal regimes which may come into play with regard to the designation of the law applicable to contracts in the sporting context, the author first presents the determination of the applicable law according to the Rome I Regulation and then according to the Croatian Arbitration Act, Swiss Private International Law Act and the CAS Code of Sports-related Arbitration, as the most common in sports practice. Then, the author deals with contracts concluded with minor athletes and the determination of the law applicable to some preliminary questions.
Finally, the author presents her perception of the problems encountered and some suggestions for the improvement of the existing legal framework.
I u grupnim i u individualnim sportovima, proces olakšane naturalizacije sportaša uzima sve više maha. Budući da sportaši moraju posjedovati državljanstvo određene države da bi je mogli predstavljati ...na međunarodnim natjecanjima, mnoge države pribjegavaju ovoj praksi te nude posebne vrste viza ili olakšani postupak naturalizacije za „obećavajuće“ sportaše. Ista je situacija vezana i uz nastupanje na Olimpijskim igrama. Najčešće se radi o stranim sportašima koji su članovi nacionalnih sportskih timova država čiji su državljani, a od kojih se očekuje da bi mogli nastupati za nacionalni tim države u koju dolaze kao sportaši stranci. I dok jedni u ovakvom razvoju događaja ne vide ništa loše, drugi pozivaju na ozbiljno promišljanje o „utjecaju pojačane mobilnosti sportaša na pretpostavljenu vezu između odanosti, identiteta i državljanstva“. Stoga autorica u ovom tekstu pokušava odgovoriti na sljedeća pitanja: U kojoj mjeri globalizacija i transnacionalizacija sporta mijenjaju našu percepciju državljanstva i pripadanja? Je li postojeći koncept državljanstva adekvatan i u sportskom kontekstu? Treba li intervenirati u odnos državljanstva i sporta?
In group and individual sports, the process of easier naturalisation of athletes is gathering greater momentum. Given that athletes must hold citizenship of a particular country in order to represent that country at international competitions, many countries lean towards this practice and offer many special visas or an eased naturalisation procedure for „promising “ athletes. It is the same situation for performing at Olympic Games. It most often concerns foreign athletes who are members of national sport teams of the countries of which they are citizens who are expected to perform for the national team of the country they come to as foreign athletes. And while some in this situation do not perceive it as being bad, others call for serious consideration of the „ potential mobility of athletes on the expected relationship among loyalty, identity and citizenship“. Therefore, the author attempts in this paper to answer the following questions: To what extent does globalisation and transnationalisation of sport change our perception of citizenship and belongingness? Is the existing concept of citizenship also adequate in the sports context? Does one need to intervene in the relationship between citizenship and sport?
U području slobode, sigurnosti i pravde, uzajamno povjerenje usko je povezano s uzajamnim priznanjem. Uzajamno priznanje omogućava da odluka donesena u jednoj državi članici bude priznata i ovršena u ...drugoj državi članici kao da je riječ o domaćoj odluci. Nema uzajamnog priznanja bez uzajamnog povjerenja. Nema uzajamnog povjerenja bez zaštite temeljnih ljudskih prava. Iako se, u primarnom pravu EU, izrijekom nigdje ne spominje, uzajamno povjerenje eksplicitno je navedeno kao okosnica brojnih akata sekundarnog prava EU. Na žalost, europski zakonodavac nije se potrudio pojasniti moguća značenja i ulogu te sintagme. Stoga se u ovom radu osvrćemo na razvoj ideje uzajamnog povjerenja, potom na ulogu uzajamnog povjerenja kao podloge za priznanje i ovrhu u kontekstu unutarnjeg tržišta te područja slobode, sigurnosti i pravde, i, za kraj, u praksi Suda EU i Europskog suda za ljudska prava.
In the area of freedom, security and justice, mutual trust is closely related to mutual recognition. Mutual recognition enables the decision reached in one member state to be recognised and enforced in another member state as if it were a domestic decision. There is no mutual recognition without mutual trust. There is no mutual trust without protection of fundamental human rights. Even though in primary EU law it is not expressedly stated, mutual trust is explicitly stated as the intersection of numerous acts of secondary EU law. Unfortunately, the European legislator has not made an effort to clarify the possible meanings and role of this syntagma. Therefore, in this paper we refer to the development of the idea of mutual trust, then to the role of mutual trust as foundations for recognition and enforcement in the context of the internal market and the area of freedom, security and justice and finally, in EU court’s and European Court of Human Rights’ practice.
U okolnostima u kojima se prekogranična mobilnost stvari i osoba uzimala zdravo za gotovo, pandemijski razmjeri epidemije virusa SARS-CoV-2 (kolokvijalno zvan koronavirus, dok je nova bolest dobila ...naziv COVID-19) rezultirali su dramatičnim i do jučer nezamislivim posljedicama. Naime, u redovnom tijeku stvari uglavnom smo se fokusirali na njezine pozitivne efekte, no aktualna epidemija do kraja je razotkrila i njezino „drugo lice“. COVID-19 pokazao se najboljim „stres testom“ prekogranične mobilnosti osoba i prekograničnih gospodarskih odnosa i ukazao na sve slabosti pretjeranog oslanjanja na globalizaciju per se. Učinak COVID-a 19 na svaki aspekt života i na čovječanstvo u cjelini može se nazvati kolosalnim. Pod naletom epidemije „stradali“ su brojni sektori, uključujući i sportski. Većina je sportskih natjecanja, osobito regionalnih i globalnih, otkazana ili odgođena na (ne)određeno vrijeme. Federacije i organizatori sportskih natjecanja našli su se u velikim problemima uslijed nemogućnosti ispunjenja svojih ugovornih obveza u odnosu na sponzore, medije i druge ugovorne stranke. Namjera je autorice ovog rada pokušati odgovoriti na pitanje koje ovih dana muči mnoge, a to je mogućnost isključenja ili ograničenja ugovorne odgovornosti pozivanjem na višu silu.
In circumstances where cross-border mobility of things and people was taken for granted, the pandemic scale of the SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemic (colloquially called COVID-19 or coronavirus) resulted in dramatic and, until yesterday, unimaginable consequences. Namely, in the regular course of things we mainly focused on its positive effects, but the current epidemic has completely exposed its „other face“. COVID-19 proved to be the best „stres test“ for cross-border mobility of persons and cross-border economic relations and pointed out all the weaknesses of excessive reliance on globalization per se. The effects of COVID-19 on every aspect of life and on humaity as a whole can be called colossal. Numerous sectors, including sports, were „killed“ by the epidemic. Most sports competitions, especially regional and global, have
been cancelled or postponed (in)defiitelly. Federations and organizers of sports competitions have found themselves in major trouble due to the
inability to meet their contractual obligations to sponsors, the media and other contracting parties. The intention of the autor of this paper is to try to answer a question that bothers many these days, and that is
the possibility of excluding or limiting contractual liability by invoking force majeure.
Current events in the world of sports, particularly football, point to the acute need for more legal protection of juvenile athletes. Even though children’s, including juvenile athletes’, rights are ...foremost and are protected at a global level by the UN convention on the rights of children, competition sport represents one of the areas where there is much room for improvement. In the EU, abuse of the rights of juvenile athletes is frequent and the causes numerous. Consequently, many legal issues arise including authority for problem resolution. Given the specifities of the organisation of the European model of sports and the possibilities of legislative activities of EU bodies, it was necessary to include the autonomous right of sporting associations. Firstly, normative regulation of sports at the EU level and the protection offered to juvenile athletes by European law are referred to. Secondly, the mechanisms of protection of juvenile athletes’ rights which are proscribed by autonomous sports law in the acts by FIFA and the UEFA are also mentioned. In particular, the recent examples from court practice are referred to such as the Arbitration Court for Sports and the EU Court which is important for better understanding of the relevant legal provisions. Finally, the author’s own stance is expressed de lege ferenda on how it would be possible to improve the legal position of this category of legal subjects.
Current events in the world of sports, particularly football, point to the acute need for more legal protection of juvenile athletes. Even though children’s, including juvenile athletes’, rights are ...foremost and are protected at a global level by the UN convention on the rights of children, competition sport represents one of the areas where there is much room for improvement. In the EU, abuse of the rights of juvenile athletes is frequent and the causes numerous. Consequently, many legal issues arise including authority for problem resolution. Given the specifities of the organisation of the European model of sports and the possibilities of legislative activities of EU bodies, it was necessary to include the autonomous right of sporting associations. Firstly, normative regulation of sports at the EU level and the protection offered to juvenile athletes by European law are referred to. Secondly, the mechanisms of protection of juvenile athletes’ rights which are proscribed by autonomous sports law in the acts by FIFA and the UEFA are also mentioned. In particular, the recent examples from court practice are referred to such as the Arbitration Court for Sports and the EU Court which is important for better understanding of the relevant legal provisions. Finally, the author’s own stance is expressed de lege ferenda on how it would be possible to improve the legal position of this category of legal subjects.
Despite the fact that 21st century s society has been defined as an „ageing society", law has not yet responded adequatly to the needs of the „aging" part of that same society. National legislators ...are often waiting for the „push "from international community and national laws are still quite short with provisions aimed at the specific protection of the elderly. On the international level, apart from general human rights treaties and some soft law provisions on the right of older people, there is still no international convention which recognizes the specific rights of all older persons. There are different public and private international law instruments though, but they are diverse and either too general or too limited. The Convention on International Protection of Adults (CIPA) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) as the most prominent ones both have their limitations. First and foremost, their personal scope of application is limited in a way that covers only the most vulnerable among the elderly. EU's Proposal for a Regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of measures and cooperation in matters relating to the protection of the adults complements the CIPA, thus it is also limited in its scope. Having in mind that according to the World Social Report 2023 the shift towards older population is largely irreversible and by 2050 the number of persons aged 65 years or older is expected to be surpassing 1,6 billion, a question arises „is the existing legal framework the best we can offer for the protection of the elderly?". Based on the protection offered to other underprivileged groups, it is obvious that the time has come that not only the vulnerable but all the elderly should be granted internationally recognized charter of rights instead of just general standards scattered throughout different international instruments. Such charter of rights should establish specific standards related to the rights of elderly, mentary with existing general standards. It should also include an effective mechanism of enforcement of those rights. This will create a new legal dimension and a new obligation for national and international legislators, leading towards better protection of elderly on national and international level. level. Thus, the aim of this article is to establish and explore the current state of play with regard to, particularly, international protection of the elderly, as well as to articulate arguments in favour of the proposed convention on the rights of the elderly.
Nakon nešto više od petnaest godina otkako se počela primjenjivati, Uredba Bruxelles II bis odlazi u zasluženu mirovinu. Zamijenit će je Uredba Bruxelles II ter. S ukupno 105 članaka, 98 recitala i ...10 priloga nova Uredba može djelovati prilično zastrašujuće. Novom Uredbom u prekogranični režim roditeljske odgovornosti unesene su brojne izmjene i dopune, neke više, a neke manje uspješne. Određena pitanja ostavljena su na razradu nacionalnom zakonodavcu, čime se raspon relevantnih pravnih instrumenata dodatno širi. U radu se predstavljaju i obrazlažu najvažnije novine, ističu problemi i sugeriraju rješenja. Posebno se upozorava na opseg i značaj recitala čija je uloga de facto normativna. Cilj je ovog rada upoznati i pripremiti tijela primjene na promjene koje Uredba donosi. U svakom slučaju, opseg i kompleksnost odredaba BU II ter bit će izazov za nacionalna nadležna tijela.
Aktualna događanja u svijetu sporta, osobito nogometu, upućuju na akutnu potrebu pojačane pravne zaštite maloljetnih sportaša. Iako su najvažnija prava djece, a time i maloljetnih sportaša, na ...globalnoj razini zaštićena Konvencijom UN-a o pravima djeteta, natjecateljski sport predstavlja jedno od područja u kojima ima još uvijek dosta prostora za napredak. Na području EU zloporabe prava maloljetnih sportaša su česte, a uzroci brojni. Usljed toga otvorena su mnoga pravna pitanja, između ostalog i nadležnosti za rješavanje tog problema. S obzirom na specifičnosti ustroja europskog modela sporta i mogućnosti legislativne aktivnosti tijela EU u razmatranje je bilo nužno uključiti i autonomno pravo sportskih saveza. Autorica se stoga u radu najprije osvrnula na normativno uređenje sporta na razini EU te zaštitu koju maloljetnim sportašima pruža europsko pravo, a potom i na mehanizme zaštite prava maloljetnih sportaša predviđene autonomnim sportskim pravom, konkretno aktima FIFA-e i UEFA-e. Posebno se osvrnula na neke recentnije primjere sudske prakse, kako Arbitražnog suda za sport tako i Suda EU, koja je od značaja za bolje razumijevanje relevantnih pravnih odredbi. Konačno, u zaključku je iskazala i svoj stav „de lege ferenda“o tome na koji bi način bilo moguće poboljšati pravni položaj ove kategorije pravnih subjekata.
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