Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles has acquired particular attention due to its economic feasibility, low toxicity, and simplicity of the process. In this study, extracellular synthesis of silver ...and zinc nanoparticle was carried out by
isolated from the effluent of an electroplating industry in Mumbai. Characterization studies revealed synthesis of 40 and 60 nm nanoparticles of silver (AgNP) and zinc (ZnNP), respectively, with distinct morphology as observed in TEM and its crystalline nature confirmed by XRD. DLS, zeta potential, NTA, and FTIR studies further characterized nanoparticles giving data about its size, stability, and functional groups. Considering the toxicity of nanoparticles the evaluation of antimicrobial activity was studied in the range of non-toxic concentration for normal cell lines. Silver nanoparticles were found to be the most effective antimicrobial against all tested strains and drug-resistant clinical isolates of MRSA, VRE, ESBL, MDR,
with MIC in the range of 1.25-5 mg/ml. Zinc nanoparticles were found to be specifically active against Gram-positive bacteria like
including its drug-resistant variant MRSA. Both AgNP and ZnNP were found to be effective against
and its MDR strain with MIC of 1.25 mg/ml. The synergistic action of nanoparticles assessed in combination with a common antibiotic gentamicin (590 μg/mg) used for the treatment of various bacterial infections by Checker board assay. Silver nanoparticles profoundly exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant strains of MRSA, ESBL, VRE, and MDR
while ZnNP were found to give synergism with gentamicin only against MRSA. The MRSA, ESBL, and
strains exhibited MIC of 2.5 mg/ml except VRE which was 10 mg/ml for both AgNPs and ZnNPs. These results prove the great antimicrobial potential of AgNP and ZnNP against drug-resistant strains of community and hospital-acquired infections and opens a new arena of antimicrobials for treatment, supplementary prophylaxis, and prevention therapy.
Retinoblastoma, the most common primary intraocular malignant neoplasm in young children, show frequent metastasis to lymph nodes, central nervous system and bones. However, retinoblastoma ...metastasizing to parotid gland is very rare. We here present 2 cases of isolated parotid gland metastasis in two children with unilateral retinoblastoma.
Case 1 was a one-year-old child presenting with left globe lesion which was diagnosed as Retinoblastoma. Post chemotherapy, enucleation was done which on histopathology examination showed retinoblastoma with scleral invasion and anterior chamber seeding. On 3 month follow up, patient presented with left parotid swelling. He underwent Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and Core needle biopsy which confirmed retinoblastoma metastasizing to parotid following which superficial parotidectomy was done as it was a solitary hotspot on PET-CT followed by localized radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
While case 2, a 6-year-old child presented with left parotid swelling with a history of undergoing enucleation 3 months earlier in an outside hospital; Enucleation slides were reviewed in addition to patient undergoing FNAC and Biopsy from parotid swelling, all of which were consistent with Retinoblastoma metastasizing to parotid; This patient was lost to follow up;
Although rare with only a few case reports in literature, both the pathologist and the clinician should be aware of retinoblastoma metastasizing to parotid, which when diagnosed and treated promptly has overall better prognosis in the cases reported so far.
Cutaneous horns are uncommon lesions which consist of proliferation of keratotic material resembling that of an animal horn. This lesion most commonly occurs in sun-exposed areas, particularly the ...face, ear, nose, forearms and dorsum of hands. The purpose of the study was to highlight the atypical presentation of squamous cell carcinoma as a giant cutaneous horn along with the review of literature. Case details were obtained from hospital records and clinical and histopathological findings were noted. Herein we report two cases of giant cutaneous horn associated with an underlying carcinoma presenting at an uncommon site. Both the patients were adults and had a chronic history of a skin lesion over the affected sites. Wide local excision was performed in both cases and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a cutaneous horn with a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma at the base of the horn. Cutaneous horns are commonly associated with benign lesions and rarely with malignant conditions. It is imperative to biopsy the base of the horn to rule out any underlying malignancy. Proper surgical excision with adequate margins is the preferred treatment in case of an underlying malignancy.
Introduction
Medullary carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine thyroid neoplasm. The international medullary thyroid carcinoma grading scheme (IMTCGS), which has prognostic significance, has been ...introduced recently. The present study graded MTC cases using the IMTCGS and evaluated it in our study cohort.
Methods
All MTC thyroidectomy cases over 6 years were evaluated. Low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG) were compared. Survival analysis included overall survival (OS), loco-regional free survival and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS).
Results
Of 32 cases, 31.25% were HG and 68.75% LG. The mean age was 44.0 years and M:F ratio 1:1.146. HG patients were older and had tumour cells with high-grade nuclear features and prominent nucleoli and showed distant metastasis. Necrosis was found more in patients with high grade nuclear features. There was discordance between the high Ki67 (60%) and increased mitotic activity (20%). Univariate survival analysis revealed poor DMFRS and OS in the cohorts with high grade, Ki67 > 5% and coagulative necrosis. The multivariate cox regression analysis showed IMTCGS significantly associated with overall survival (HR 28.30,
p
= 0.009) and DMFS (HR 15.70,
p
= 0.02).
Discussion and conclusion
This is the first Indian study evaluating IMTCGS, a very simple and convenient grading system that can be readily used in any tertiary health care centre. IHC for Ki 67 should mandatorily be done irrespective of the low mitotic activity on the HPE and necrosis should be diligently searched in cases with high-grade nuclear morphology. HG MTC cohorts were associated with poor OS as well as DMFRS.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background: Stigma and violations of human rights directed toward people with psychiatric disorders hinder their care and rehabilitation. The role of physiotherapists in mental illness is to ...facilitate motivation, emphasize strengths, and offer positive feedback through cognitive therapy, guided imagery, body and movement awareness, relaxation and breathing techniques, yoga therapy, and aerobic exercises. It is important to understand the beliefs, knowledge, and attitude of physiotherapists toward psychiatric illness which in turn helps in better rehabilitation of such patients. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the attitude and knowledge of physiotherapy students toward mental health and patients with psychiatric illnesses and also to identify the barrier faced by them. Methods: Overall 191 physiotherapy students participated in this observational study, where students were assessed for their attitude toward patients having psychiatric disorders and knowledge regarding the same. The attitude was assessed using the Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitude version 4 whereas knowledge was assessed using a prevalidated questionnaire. Both self-reported questionnaires were filled online by physiotherapy students. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20. The correlation between attitude and knowledge was done using Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation. Results: The majority of students had a moderately positive attitude with little room for improvement (57.07%) followed by 40.31% having a negative attitude. Good knowledge was found in 59.69% of students followed by 22.51% of students having moderate and 14.14% excellent knowledge. It was observed a negative significant correlation between attitude and knowledge (r = −0.369, P < 0.001). Gender, year of study, and age have a considerable impact on one's knowledge and attitude. Conclusion: This study concludes that knowledge and attitude are negatively correlated indicating the need to change the attitude of physiotherapy students and to make them understand their role in the rehabilitation of patients with psychiatric disorders.
•SAVE checklist is the first structured tool developed for assessing the short-term non-cognitive adverse effects associated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).•The checklist was found to have good ...content validity.•The checklist was able to identify common adverse effects seen during and after the ECT procedure (up to 48 h).•It is easy to administer and can be administered in a short span of time.•It has immense utility as both a clinical and a research tool for assessing non-cognitive adverse effects.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments in psychiatry. However, it has many cognitive and non-cognitive adverse effects (AEs). There are lacunae in the literature on systematic assessment of non-cognitive AEs. There is a need for a standard, comprehensive and specific clinical tool to evaluate this. Hence, a checklist of short-term AEs of ECT (SAVE) with a 2-phase assessment was developed. Content validation was done using 15 experts’ ratings and predefined content validity ratio and index (CVR and CVI) in a two-stage modified Delphi method. The checklist had a good CVR and CVI with a final tool of 39 items. The tool was sensitive and identified the non-cognitive AEs after ECT. Cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems displayed the highest incidence. Many participants exhibited delayed recovery in orientation, gait, and stance, highlighting a necessity for meticulous monitoring. SAVE is the first standardised tool to assess short-term ECT-related AEs systematically. This checklist likely identifies clinically significant incidences of adverse effects. Its regular use may enhance the safety of ECT and patient comfort by supporting early identification and intervention for AEs. However, given the transient nature of AEs, further studies are needed to determine their predictive validity for long-term consequences.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective
To determine the role of routine cervical Pap smears in detecting endometrial carcinomas.
Method
A retrospective study was carried out from the histopathology archives for cases diagnosed ...as endometrial carcinomas with Pap smears within 6 months before histological diagnosis. The demographic details, reports of Pap smears and other tumor parameters on histopathology were noted.
Results
We identified 380 of 482 cases of endometrial carcinoma with a documented Pap smear within 6 months before histopathogical diagnosis. Out of 380 cases, 187 cases (49.2%) had shown abnormalities on Pap smear of which 80 cases (42%) were diagnosed as atypical glandular cells and 78 cases (41.7%) were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. The presence of glandular abnormality on Pap smear significantly correlated with the tumor type, myometrial invasion and cervical involvement on histopathology (P < .05). Cases which had higher FIGO staging also had a higher detection rate on Pap smear (P < .05).
Conclusion
The Pap smear may help in detection of endometrial carcinoma especially in cases with type 2 endometrial carinomas, tumor with cervical involvement and/or advanced FIGO stage.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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