The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared ...spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm
−1
. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Experimental data were obtained on the kinematic viscosity of 0.75LiF–0.2BeF
2
–0.05ThF
4
melt in the temperature range 920–1155 K in order to substantiate the concept of a reactor with circulating ...fuel based on molten salts of lithium, beryllium, and thorium metal fluorides with added fissile materials. It is shown that the obtained viscosity is described by an exponential dependence on the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. The parameters of this dependence were determined. It is shown that the viscosity of the composition under study is described by the equation for a normal liquid at temperatures above 920 K.
The possibilities of competitive development of a liquid-salt reactor with a cavity-type core for developing thorium-uranium breeder reactor and for burning transuranium elements from the spent fuel ...of power reactors are described. Such a reactor is characterized by fuel-cycle flexibility, since it is capable of operating with a wide spectrum of fuel and raw-materials loads without being stopped or structurally altered. Compared with thermal liquid-salt reactors with a graphite moderator, these reactors have deeply negative temperature coefficients of reactivity (–7·10
–5
°C
–1
), and the fuel salt is completely processed in 3–4 years. Such a reactor facility can be incorporated into any strategy for the development of nuclear power.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In validating the concept of a molten-salt nuclear reactor for incinerating transuranium elements from spent nuclear fuel of light-water reactors, experimental data on the kinematic viscosity of melt ...with the molar composition 73LiF–27BeF
2
were obtained in the range 882–1172 K. The influence of cerium trichloride and zirconium trifluoride as additives on the viscosity was investigated. It is shown that for all compositions the obtained viscosity is described by an exponential function of the reciprocal of absolute temperature. The parameters of this function are determined for each composition. It was found that the addition of cerium trifluoride in the amount 1 mol.% to the initial composition lowers viscosity at low temperature. Subsequent addition of zirconium tetrafluoride appreciably lowers the liquidus temperature.
Abstract
The study aims to solve the methodological problem of comparing the quantitative residual pollution of oil and oil products of an organogenic substrate (peat) that composes the surface of ...remediated land plots with background indicators of the content of this pollutant in the organic-mineral horizons of natural soils that have contrasting properties. To solve this problem, the method of recalculating the pollutant content through its layer-by-layer reserves was used. A case study illustrates a calculation option that allows you to evaluate the range of oil and oil products objectively after restoration work. The authors conclude that it is necessary to determine the different density as a parameter in the studied layers of 0–5 and 5–20 cm of ameliorant substrate and soil standards. The data availability allows recalculations to occur, taking into account the difference in properties of the compared substrates which build up land plots.
Variants of Np, Am, Cm incineration using a portion of the plutonium from VVER-1000, -1200 spent fuel in a high-power molten-salt nuclear reactor (MSR) with a cavity-type core and fuel salts with the ...compositions Li,Be,An/F and Li,Na,K,An/F are discussed. The high nickel alloy KhN80MTYu was chosen as the structural material for the fuel loop. To obtain the highest possible transmutation efficiency, the MSR was integrated with a module for recycling actinides and purifying the fuel salt from fission products. A preliminary validation of MSR operating conditions is included.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Experimental data on the kinematic viscosity and liquidus temperature of certain fused mixtures of sodium, lithium, and beryllium fluorides were obtained, by the method of damping of torsional ...oscillations of a cylinder with the experimental melt, in validation of the concept of molten-salt incinerator reactors for incinerating transuranium elements from spent nuclear fuel from light-water reactors. The measurements were conducted from the liquidus temperature to 800°C. The effect of the addition of cerium trifluoride on the viscosity of the eutectic melt 58NaF–15LiF–27BeF
2
was studied. It was shown that the additive appreciably reduces the viscosity at low temperature and also lowers the liquidus temperature. The parameters characterizing the temperature dependence of viscosity were determined for the experimental melts.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A chemical and mineral classification of technogenic mineral raw materials is developed suitable for production and ceramics. Secondary mineral resources of the Ural region are considered.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We present the results of two-wavelength lidar sensing of the middle atmosphere in the altitude range from 30 to 60 km over Obninsk (55.1° N, 36.6° E) in 2012–2017. Monthly average values of the ...ratio of aerosol and Rayleigh backscattering coefficients (RARC) at a wavelength of 532 nm, averaged over the layers of 40–50 km and 50–60 km, vary from 0 to 0.02, while the average peak RARC levels in these layers vary from 0.1 to 0.2. Short-term (shorter than 1 month) and long-term (half-year and longer) variations in backscattering are observed. Short-term variations are time concurrent with the occurrence of meteor showers. Long-term enhancements of backscattering in the layer of 50–60 km were observed in 2013 after the Chelyabinsk meteorite fall, as well as in the first half of 2016. In 2014–2015, the monthly average RARC was zero within measurement errors at altitudes from 40 to 60 km. We analyzed the possibility for meteoric aerosol to manifest in backscattering, taking into account the fluxes of meteoric material, gravitational sedimentation of aerosol, and the effect of vertical wind. The flux of visible meteors with masses larger than 10
−6
kg and bolides is shown to be insufficient for a long-term enhancement of backscattering in the layer of 50–60 km. It is hypothesized that the enhancement in backscattering is most likely to be due to the occurrence of an enlarged fraction of meteoric smoke particles, formed by ablation of radio meteors and penetrating into the upper stratosphere in the region of the stratospheric polar vortex. In early 2016, this was favored by the formation of an extremely strong stratospheric polar vortex and its shift toward Eurasia.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Despite the relatively rare comorbidity with bacterial infections, in most cases treatment of COVID-19-associated pneumonia is accompanied by empirical antibiotic therapy. In addition, the occurrence ...of leukocytosis in response to glucocorticosteroid (GCS) therapy is often perceived as comorbid bacterial flora and is a reason for initiating antibiotic therapy. Therefore, an urgent task is to properly interpret leukocytosis in response to GCS therapy in COVID-19. The aim of the study was to examine dynamic changes in count of venous blood leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes in patients with moderate COVID-19 after systemic GCS. We analyzed parameters of complete blood count in 154 patients with verified moderate COVID-19, at the Temporary Infectious Diseases Hospital, the “Patriot” Park of the Moscow Region. The comparison group (I) consisted of 128 patients without clinical signs of bacterial infection and leukocytosis observed on admission, who were prescribed GCS therapy. The control group (II) consisted of 26 subjects showing on admission signs of bacterial infection — a cough with purulent sputum combined with neutrophilic leukocytosis. The dynamics in venous blood cell count was assessed in group I of patients before the onset, 3 and 6 days after beginning GCS therapy. We also compared count of leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes between patients with developed leukocytosis in group I vs. group II. As a result, an increased count of leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes was revealed according to assessing complete blood count test in patients from group I on days 3 and 6 of ongoing GCS therapy. All patients with developed leukocytosis after GCS admission (103 subjects) had no clinical signs of bacterial infection. Patients with developed leukocytosis from group I had increased count of monocytes (0.90 (0.84; 1.02) on day 3 after GCS onset and 0.94 (0.87; 1.26) on day 6 of GCS) compared with group II (0.61 0.50; 0.71), p 0.001. The inter-group count of leukocytes and neutrophils did not differ. Monocytosis after GCS therapy may serve as a differential diagnostic criterion to distinguish between glucocorticoid-induced leukocytosis and comorbid bacterial infection. This may be one of the factors influencing a decision to prescribe antibiotic therapy.
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