The article focuses on the meanings that social actors attach to siblinghood in older age and the way of support between siblings in the period of life crisis or transitions (divorce, widowhood, ...illness). It is based on an analysis of data collected in Czechia in 2017–2019 from qualitative interviews and focus groups with participants aged 50+. The analysis highlights the symbolic level of siblinghood in old age and the gradual deepening of the relationship between siblings. The siblings provide each other mainly psychological support, the life transition or event do not significantly change their relationship. Rapprochement between them in old age is rather due to a progression in life course and a change in lifestyle. Siblings have more time for each other, they share common memories and the general experience of aging.
Over the last few decades, we have been witnessing a gradual increase in the numberof one-member households among young people in the Czech Republic. Even though the experience ofliving alone in ...so-called early adulthood can affect the development and lifestyle, so far it is not wellresearchedphenomenon bound to stereotypes and myths. Based on quantitative data survey of EU-SILCand time-use diary survey by Czech Household Panel Survey this study provides basic information on theorigin, characteristics and living conditions in one-member households of individuals between the ages of18 and 35 and examines selected aspects of their lifestyles. Based on detailed analysis it aims to disprovea stereotypical idea of careerism among these people by comparing their income, job positions and workinghours with the other types of household. In comparison with the other types of household, there is also nosignificant difference in the area of sociability. Hence we cannot support either of the opposing stereotypes:solitude or extreme sociability. However, single women tend to show a lower level of sociability and certaindissatisfaction in this area as well.
Emerging Adulthood, Solo Living and Changes in Gender Subjectivity. The households of young adults can be viewed as a natural environment where gender role transformation models can be found. After ...experiencing gender specific socialisation in childhood and adolescence, men and women enter a stage in which this structure more or less reverts to universalising practical requirements. These include financial security, focus on careers, securing a home and providing for household duties. The context outlined above is addressed in the paper via selected theoretical arguments and the review of relevant theoretical and empirical literature. The objective is to theoretically justify the mechanisms or principles resulting from specific elements present in the lives of solo-livers that can logically impact specific elements of gender subjectivity.Sociológia 2017, Vol. 49 (No. 3: 265-284)
A specific feature of Czech women today, who are timing the motherhood or staying childless after thirty, stems from their socialisation in a different political and demographical regime than they ...were in at the start of their reproductive period. The changes connected with the transformation of Czech society after 1989 affected their life courses. Instead of following the demographic behaviour of their mothers why do these women postpone motherhood to a later age or remain childless? What do the life courses and reproductive strategies of contemporary women over thirty look like? The qualitative research discussed in this article is based on in-depth interviews with primaparas over thirty and their childless peers conducted in order to examine the dynamics and character of their decision to become a mother. The research applied grounded theory and identified five different types of reproductive strategies: 'to have a child no matter what', 'to have a child with the right partner', 'waiting for the right time', 'hesitating over whether to have a child or not', 'not having a child'. Consequently the specific sources of these strategies were described. Background family experiences combined with the experiences from the period of childlessness in adulthood can lead to the development of an 'individualised habitus', which can block the transition to the motherhood phase. In the Czech context the development of an individualised habitus can be strengthened by the unequal distribution of gender roles in the family of origin as well as in partnerships in adulthood. Reprinted by permission of the Institute of Sociology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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Výsledky realizovaného kvalitativního výzkumu, který využil metody zakotvené teorie, ukazují privatizaci náboženské zkušenosti uvnitř církevních organizací, zvláště na příkladu případové studie osmi ...mladých lidí, kteří se považují za aktivní členy římskokatolické církve. Všichni respondenti žili v čase realizace výzkumu v podobných podmínkách: byli finančně soběstační, stále nesezdaní a žijící sami, bez partnera. Z hloubkových rozhovorů s nimi vzešly tři ideální typy věřících, jež se zakládají na postojích dotyčných respondentů k církevní organizaci na straně jedné a jejich subjektivní víře na straně druhé. V prvním případě se jedná o subjektivní, intimní a individualizovanou náboženskou zkušenost, která předurčuje postoj věřícího k církvi, včetně jejích rituálů a pravidel. Ve druhém případě jsou subjektivní víra a členství v církvi neoddělitelně propojené. Do třetice se pak osobní náboženská zkušenost jeví být takřka zcela výsledkem internalizovaných náboženských norem a účasti na církevních obřadech.
Sociological theories that work with the concept of individualisation assume, among other things, the occurrence of changes in the life course and especially in the timing and incidence of ...demographic transitions. Although it is not easy to establish a firm definition of individualisation, most researchers studying demographic phenomena work with the concepts of differentiation and de-standardisation. If we understand individualisation as a structural fact and leave aside its subjective component (individualised identity is not necessary linked to structural changes), it must initially emerge on the aggregate level in the form of the differentiation of life courses or the different timing of transitions. For example, individuals begin to marry and have children at different ages. It then becomes apparent at the individual level in the form of the de-standardisation of the life course, thus not just as a change in timing, but also as a change in the order and realisation of individual transitions. For example, the birth of a child does not necessarily occur after marriage. So it is not just shifts in timing that are of interest - these have already been sufficiently studied in Czech demography but also and above all the comparative distributions of these demographic phenomena. In this article the analysis works with two life transitions marriage and first-order births - and using time series from 1920 to 2004 the authors examine the dispersion in timing of these transitions over a large segment of the 20th century. Using more detailed data from the post-1989 transformation period, in addition to dispersion the authors also examine changes in the intervals between marriages and births and education as a factor in the observed phenomena. As a key indicator of life-course differentiation they use the dispersion in marriage timing and its trend over the 20th century, and as an indicator of the de-standardisation of life courses in the 1990s they use the interval between marriage and first-order births. Reprinted by permission of the Institute of Sociology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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Intra-plant transport systems within their operation directly impact on the performance of production systems. For their effective operation, it is, therefore, necessary to realize evaluation of ...operational performance and effectivity. For the realization of this type of evaluation, in addition to a wide range of sensors that can be difficult for installation and operation, we can also use indirect methods that are equally able to provide reliable operational characteristics. Indirect analytical methods are presented above all by the approach which is based on the use of simulation methods. The method of computer simulation provides a wide range of options for the evaluation of efficiency and performance. The paper describes the use of a simulation model created in the program Tecnomatix Plant Simulation for analyzing the supply of production workplaces within the MilkRun system.
Mateřství je v dnešních západních společnostech vnímáno jako svobodná volba, nikoli nevyhnutelný ženský úděl. Ženy se v rámci svých možných životních stylů mohou a musí rozhodovat o tom, kdy a za ...jakých podmínek se chtějí stát matkami, případně jestli vůbec chtějí. Úplná kontrola nad reprodukcí je však jen zdánlivá. Ženy ve svém rozhodování zvažují řadu faktorů, které nemohou ovlivnit. Kromě individuální touhy po dítěti do hry vstupují sociálně a kulturně definované podmínky mateřství (načasování mateřství v životní dráze ženy, stabilní rodinné uspořádání, materiální zabezpečení atd.) a biologické limity reprodukce (omezená doba plodnosti ženy a rizika spojována s mateřstvím v určitém věku). Snaha o naplnění podmínek „správného mateřství“ vede k prodlužování období dočasně chápané bezdětnosti, které může vyústit v bezdětnost celoživotní. V našem výzkumu srovnáváme výpovědi dvou skupin žen, které jsou/byly nuceny v určité fázi svého života čelit situaci, kdy jejich touha po dítěti nebyla v souladu s jinými podmínkami mateřství. V prvním případě jde o ženy, které odkládaly mateřství z důvodu absence podmínky, kterou definovaly jako nezbytnou, ve druhém případě se realizaci rodičovství postavila do cesty fyzická překážka v podobě neplodnosti. Cílem výzkumu je zjistit, jak je utvářena norma správného mateřství a jak je redefinovaná v případě, že jí není možné naplnit.
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