The aim of the article is to present the impact of changes in the functions performed by the port in Ustka on its physiognomy. The functional analysis mainly covers the period of 2016-2019, while the ...analysis of the physiognomy was conducted for 2021. It was found that the basic trans-shipment function is played to a minimum extent in Ustka. The function of sea tourism is insufficiently realized (no yacht marina), and the function of passenger shipping is not performed. The function of recreational fishing and angling is still performed by the port, but to a lesser extent than in the past. There is no longer any production activity in the port area, although in the past it was carried out on a large scale. There is a chance that the port will develop a function related to the maintenance and operation of wind farms. On the other hand, the tourist function (gastronomy, hotels, etc.) and housing are strongly developing in the port. Introducing the latter function into the port was considered a mistake. Changes in functions result in changes to the port physiognomy. Industrial and trans-shipment facilities are disappearing and replaced with hotel, catering and residential facilities. However, these changes are long delayed.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wpływu zmiany funkcji pełnionych przez port w Ustce na jego fizjonomię. Analiza funkcjonalna dotyczy głównie okresu 2016-2019. Natomiast analizę fizjonomii ...przeprowadzono dla 2021 r. Stwierdzono, że podstawowa dla portów funkcja przeładunkowa jest w Ustce pełniona w minimalnym stopniu. Funkcja turystyki morskiej jest realizowana w stopniu niewystarczającym (brak mariny jachtowej), a żeglugi pasażerskiej nie jest realizowana. Port pełni nadal funkcję rybołówstwa i wędkarstwa rekreacyjnego, ale w stopniu mniejszym, niż w przeszłości. Działalność produkcyjna na terenie portu nie jest już prowadzona, chociaż w przeszłości była realizowana na dużą skalę. Istnieje szansa, że w porcie rozwinie się funkcja związana z konserwacją i eksploatacją farm wiatrowych. Obecnie w porcie rozwijają się silnie funkcja turystyczna (gastronomia, hotele itd.) oraz mieszkaniowa. Wprowadzenie tej ostatniej funkcji do portu uznano za błąd. Zmiany funkcji powodują zmiany w fizjonomii portu. Znikają obiekty przemysłowe i przeładunkowe, a na ich miejsce pojawiają się obiekty z funkcją hotelową i gastronomiczną oraz mieszkaniowe, aczkolwiek zmiany te zachodzą z dużym opóźnieniem. The impact of changes in the performed functions on the physiognomy of the port in Ustka The aim of the article is to present the impact of changes in the functions performed by the port in Ustka on its physiognomy. The functional analysis mainly covers the period of 2016-2019, while the analysis of the physiognomy was conducted for 2021. It was found that the basic trans-shipment function is played to a minimum extent in Ustka. The function of sea tourism is insufficiently realized (no yacht marina), and the function of passenger shipping is not performed. The function of recreational fishing and angling is still performed by the port, but to a lesser extent than in the past. There is no longer any production activity in the port area, although in the past it was carried out on a large scale. There is a chance that the port will develop a function related to the maintenance and operation of wind farms. On the other hand, the tourist function (gastronomy, hotels, etc.) and housing are strongly developing in the port. Introducing the latter function into the port was considered a mistake. Changes in functions result in changes to the port physiognomy. Industrial and trans-shipment facilities are disappearing and replaced with hotel, catering and residential facilities. However, these changes are long delayed.
Background:
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease leading to right ventricular (RV) failure and manifests in decreasing exercise tolerance. Our study aimed to assess the usefulness ...of electrocardiographic parameters reflecting right heart hypertrophy as predictors of clinical status in PAH.
Methods:
The retrospective analysis included 26 patients, mean 49 ± 17 years of age, diagnosed with PAH, and eligible to undergo cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The relations between ECG values and parameters obtained in procedures such as six-minute walk test (6-MWT), echocardiography, right heart catheterization (RHC), and CPET were analyzed.
Results:
P-wave amplitude in lead II correlated positively with CPET parameter of respiratory response: minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production slope (VE/VCO2 slope; r = 0.436, p = 0.029) and echocardiographic estimated RA pressure (RAP; r = 0.504, p = 0.02). RV Sokolow-Lyon index (RVSLI) positively correlated with echocardiographic parameters reflecting RV function, overload, and afterload–tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG; r = 0.788, p < 0.001), RV free wall thickness (r = 0.738, p < 0.001), and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAPECHO; r = 0.62, p = 0.0016), respectively, as well as VE/VCO2 slope (r = 0.593, p = 0.001) and mPAP assessed directly in RHC (mPAPRHC; r = 0.469, p = 0.0497). R-wave in lead aVR correlated positively with TRPG (r = 0.719, p < 0.001), mPAPECHO (r = 0.446, p = 0.033), and several hemodynamic criteria of PAH diagnosis: positively with mPAPRHC (r = 0.505, p = 0.033) and pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.554, p = 0.026) and negatively with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = −0.646, p = 0.004). QRS duration correlated positively with estimated RAP (r = 0.589, p = 0.004), vena cava inferior diameter (r = 0.506, p = 0.016), and RA area (r = 0.679, p = 0.002) and negatively with parameters of exercise capacity: peak VO2 (r = −0.486, p = 0.012), CPET maximum load (r = − 0.439, p = 0.025), and 6-MWT distance (r = −0.430, p = 0.046). ROC curves to detect intermediate/high 1-year mortality risk (based on ESC criteria) indicate RVSLI (cut-off point: 1.57 mV, AUC: 0.771) and QRS duration (cut-off points: 0.09 s, AUC: 703 and 0.1 s, AUC: 0.759) as relevant predictors.
Conclusion:
Electrocardiography appears to be an important and underappreciated tool in PAH assessment. ECG corresponds with clinical parameters reflecting PAH severity.
•Machine learning methods used to forecast end-of-month exchange rates 1-month forward.•Fundamentals from PPP, UIRP and Taylor-rule models allow to beat the random walk.•Study for 1973–2014 period, ...12 major industrial country currencies vs U.S. dollar.•RMSE, directional and economic criteria of evaluation; multiple robustness checks.
Using methods from machine learning we show that fundamentals from simple exchange rate models (PPP or UIRP) or Taylor-rule based models lead to improved exchange rate forecasts for major currencies over the floating period era 1973–2014 at a 1-month forecast horizon which beat the no-change forecast. Fundamentals thus contain useful information and exchange rates are forecastable even for short horizons. Such conclusions cannot be obtained when using rolling or recursive OLS regressions as used in the literature. The methods we use – sequential ridge regression and the exponentially weighted average strategy, both with discount factors – do not estimate an underlying model but combine the fundamentals to directly output forecasts.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The post-communist transformation of Ukraine differs significantly from that of other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. First of all, Ukraine’s transition from totalitarianism to democracy has ...been long and still remains uncompleted. The process of the democratic transformation in Ukraine is non-linear and can be described by frequent changes in transformation phases. The ultimate result of the country’s transformation determines to a considerable extent the geopolitical stability in entire Central and Eastern Europe.
This paper presents the results of a study of the determination of life insurance demand in Poland. A characterisation of the Polish life insurance sector is given, including a comparison with the ...top ten emerging markets and other CEE countries such as Hungary and the Czech Republic. The characterisation is followed by a review of the previous studies of life insurance determinants. Subsequently, factor analysis is applied to distinguish independent factors that determine demand for life insurance. Then a linear regression model is used to identify both the factors that have determined life insurance in Poland and the extent thereof. However, as opposed to previous studies of life insurance demand, only distinguished factors are used as an independent variable. The study confirms that factors of an economic and financial nature strongly stimulate the demand for life insurance, which agrees with previous studies. However, some results contradict the previous findings such as the factor that includes variables such as education level and social benefits.
Wyróżniono pięć grup problemów monitoringu sytuacji społecznej na szczeblu lokalnym, wynikających z: (1) problemów czasowych związanych z dopływem danych; (2) małej częstotliwości lub wyraźnej ...specyfiki procesu; (3) problemów z delimitacją jednostek przestrzennych; (4) problemów z czynnikiem ludzkim; (5) trudności w jednoznacznym definiowaniu wskaźników. W artykule poddano analizie ostatnią z wymienionych grup, wyodrębniając problemy związane z: (1) zmiennością w czasie definicji lub klasyfikacji; (2) trudnościami w operacjonalizacji pojęć; (3) różnicami w liczeniu wskaźników na różnych szczeblach podziału terytorialnego. Zaproponowano rozwiązania mające zmniejszyć negatywny wpływ tych problemów na jakość danych. Częścią wspólną tych rozwiązań jest konieczność dokładnego podawania definicji wskaźników oraz zmian w klasyfikacjach.
The aim of the article is to show how the hitherto important functions of small Polish ports and marinas are disappearing. This was done by analyzing the volume of cargo turnover, the number of ...international passengers and the gross tonnage (GT) of cutters. The analysis covers the years 1996-2018. It was found that the transhipments increased in Gdańsk, Gdynia and Świnoujście while decrease was observed in Szczecin and small ports. International passenger traffic (after a peak in 1997-2001 in some of them) is currently at a minimal level. Also after Poland’s accession into the European Union, the gross tonnage (GT) of the cutter fleet significantly decreased. Therefore, it is evident that Polish small seaports and marinas should look for new functions that may become their development factors in the future. Tourism, including yacht tourism, should become one of such functions.
We study portfolio allocation and characterize contracts issued by firms in the international financial market when investors exhibit ambiguity aversion and perceive ambiguity in assets issued in ...foreign locations. Increases in the variance of their risky production process cause firms to issue assets with a higher variable payment (equity). Hikes in investors' perceived ambiguity have the opposite effect, and lead to less risk-sharing. Entrepreneurs from capital-scarce countries finance themselves relatively more through debt than equity. They are thus exposed to higher volatility per unit of consumption. The expected returns on capital invested in capital-scarce countries may also be lower. Such results do not hold in the absence of ambiguity, that is, when investors only perceive risk. New facts uncovered from cross-country firm-level data are consistent with our model.
•Contract issuance with ambiguity averse international investors is studied.•Increases in project risk cause firms to issue more equity and less debt.•Increases in ambiguity cause firms to issue less equity and sometimes more debt.•Firms in capital-scarce countries issue relatively more debt than equity.•New facts uncovered from cross-country firm-level data are consistent with our model.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The main objective of study is to present the health situation of the inhabitants of Poland. This was accomplished both in temporal and spatial depiction. The secondary goal is to show the health ...situation in Poland in comparison to other European post-Communist countries. To describe the health situation five variables are used: crude death rate, infant mortality, incidence of tuberculosis, incidence of HIV/AIDS, and life expectancy. The changes in the health situation in Poland are generally positive. Infant mortality and the incidence of tuberculosis are declining and the average life expectancy (for both sexes) is extending. Worrisome is the increase in the number of seropositive persons, but this is not accompanied by an increase in the incidence of AIDS. Also an increase in mortality is on the rise, but this process can be associated with the society’s ageing. The spatial differentiation of the health situation in Poland is significant, the most pronounced in the case of infant mortality (taking NUTS-4 as the base unit). Comparing to European post-Communist countries, the health situation of the Polish society can be considered relatively good (the worst in the case of tuberculosis).
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