MGL_1304 secreted by Malassezia globosa is contained in human sweat and induces histamine release from basophils in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) at a high positive rate. The aims of this ...study were to establish the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measuring specific immunoglobulins against MGL_1304 and to investigate the levels of these immunoglobulins in sera of patients with various allergic diseases.
Purified MGL_1304 from human sweat (QRX) and recombinant MGL_1304 (rMGL_1304) were prepared for ELISA. To quantify the amount of MGL_1304-specific immunoglobulins, the standard serum was created by pooling sera of 20 patients with AD whose basophils released histamine in response to QRX. A monoclonal antibody which exhibited the highest neutralizing ability against QRX was established as Smith-2, and used as a capture antibody for the assay of QRX-specific IgE. A total of 156 subjects normal controls (n = 23), AD (n = 63), cholinergic urticaria (CU) (n = 24), bronchial asthma (n = 32), and allergic rhinitis (n = 14) were enrolled in this study.
ELISA methods to quantify the specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 against MGL_1304 in sera were successfully established. Levels of QRX-specific IgE in sera of patients with AD and CU were significantly higher than those of normal controls. Moreover, the levels of QRX-specific IgE and rMGL_1304-specific IgE in patients with AD were significantly correlated with their disease severities.
These ELISA methods to quantify the specific immunoglobulins against MGL_1304 are easy and useful means to assess allergy to MGL_1304. MGL_1304 contained in sweat is an important antigen for patients with AD and CU.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background Sweat is a major aggravating factor of atopic dermatitis (AD) and approximately 80% of patients with AD show type I hypersensitivity against sweat. Objective To identify and characterize ...an antigen in sweat that induces histamine release from basophils of patients with AD. Methods Basophil histamine-releasing activity in sweat was purified by a combination of chromatographies, and proteins were analyzed with mass spectrometry. Recombinant proteins of the sweat antigen were generated, and their biological characteristics were studied by immunoblots, histamine release tests, and neutralization assays. Results We identified a fungal protein, MGL_1304, derived from Malassezia globosa ( M globosa ) in the purified sweat antigen. Recombinant MGL_1304 induced histamine release from basophils of most of the patients with AD, in accordance with the semi-purified sweat antigen. Moreover, recombinant MGL_1304 abolished the binding of serum IgE of patients with AD to the semi-purified sweat antigen, or vice versa in immunoblot analysis, and attenuated the sensitization of RBL-48 mast cells expressing human FcɛRI by serum IgE. Studies of truncated mutants of MGL_1304 indicated that IgE of patients with AD recognized the conformational structure of MGL_1304 rather than short peptide sequences. Western blot analysis of the whole lysate, the culture supernatant of M globosa , and the semi-purified sweat antigen showed that MGL_1304 was produced as a minor immunological antigen of M globosa with posttranslational modification, cleaved, and secreted as a 17-kDa major histamine-releasing sweat antigen. Conclusion MGL_1304 is a major allergen in human sweat and could cause type I allergy in patients with AD.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The prevalence of urticaria has been reported mostly in Europe and North America. However, precise information regarding its subtypes and clinical characteristics in primary care practice, especially ...in Asian countries, are scant. Patients with urticaria and/or angioedema who visited nine primary clinics of accredited dermatologists and allergologists in Japan were recruited from October to November 2020. The information of age, sex, disease duration, urticaria control test (UCT), and concomitant urticaria subtypes were collected. A total of 1061 patients participated. The number of patients was high in the 20 to 50 age groups with a peak in the 40s. The most frequent urticaria subtype was chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) followed by dermographism, acute spontaneous urticaria (ASU), angioedema, and cholinergic urticaria (CholU) (66.8%, 22.7%, 18.9%, 14.1% and 5.7% in all patients with urticaria). CSU development increased with age from the 20s to 50s, especially in females. Dermographism had a peak in the 40s. ASU had bimodal peaks in childhood and in the 30s. CholU was common in males in the 10–20s. Most angioedema patients were female with an increase in their 30s. Angioedema was solely present in 14 of 1061 participants (1.3%), while 136 (12.8%) had angioedema concomitant with urticaria. UCT showed poorly controlled urticaria with lower scores in patients with concomitant CSU and other subtypes than in those with CSU alone. Urticaria tends to develop in young to middle‐aged females. The most common urticaria subtype is CSU, while the number of patients with CholU is high and that of angioedema is low in Japan.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Challenge testing with wheat plus exercise and/or aspirin is a gold standard for the diagnosis of wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA); however, the test may often yield ...false-negative results. Our previous study suggested that an increase in serum wheat gliadin levels is required to induce allergic symptoms in patients with WDEIA. Based on this knowledge, we sought to extract the patients with false negative results in the challenge tests of WDEIA.
Thirty-six patients with suspected WDEIA were enrolled. First, group categorizations—Group I, challenge tests were positive; Group II, challenge tests were negative and serum gliadin were undetectable; Group III, challenge tests were negative and serum gliadin were detectable—were given according to the results of wheat plus exercise and/or aspirin challenge testing and serum gliadin levels. Second, diagnoses were made using retests and/or dietary management in Group II and III.
Positive results for wheat plus exercise and/or aspirin challenge tests gave a diagnosis of definite WDEIA in 17 of 36 patients (Group I). Of the remaining 19 challenge negative patients, serum gliadin was undetectable in ten patients (Group II). Of the ten patients (Group II), three of them were diagnosed as definite WDEIA by retesting and six of them were diagnosed as probable WDEIA using a wheat elimination diet, whereas one patient was non-WDEIA. In the rest of the nine challenge negative patients, serum gliadin was detectable (Group III). No allergic episodes with a normal diet provided a diagnosis of non-WDEIA in seven of the nine patients, whereas the remaining two patients were probable WDEIA or had another food allergy because of repeated episodes.
Our study revealed that serum gliadin monitoring during challenge testing is useful.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing eczematous skin disease. Certain populations of patients are resistant to standard therapies with topical steroids and/or calcineurin inhibitors, and ...require systemic medication, such as immunosuppressants. Recently, several reports have shed light on the anti‐allergic effects of carotenoids. Therefore, we investigated the effect of p.o. administration of β‐carotene or lycopene on AD‐like symptoms of HR‐1 hairless mice fed with a low zinc/magnesium diet. Mice were divided into four groups: (i) fed with a standard diet (Co group); (ii) low zinc/magnesium diet (HR group); (iii) low zinc/magnesium and β‐carotene diet (HR‐C group); and (iv) low zinc/magnesium and lycopene diet (HR‐L group). They were then fed these diets for 8 weeks. Severities of dermatitis were assessed by their appearance, and histopathological and hematological observations. Mice in the HR group developed AD‐like dermatitis both clinically and histologically. HR‐C and HR‐L group mice also developed xerosis and wrinkle‐like skin changes, but they were milder than those of HR group mice. Histological analysis revealed that epidermis thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin of the HR‐C and HR‐L groups were both statistically less than those of the HR group. The concentration of thymus and activation regulated chemokine in the skin of the HR‐L group and the concentration of CCL27 in the skin of the HR‐C group were significantly lower than those of the HR group, respectively. In conclusion, p.o. administration of β‐carotene or lycopene prevents AD‐like symptoms in association with a suppression of T‐helper 2 chemokines in a murine model. Ingestion of carotenoids may be beneficial for patients with AD.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently, an increasing number of patients with wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) have been reported in Japan. Most of them had developed this condition during or after using ...hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWP)-containing soap (HWP-WDEIA).
To clarify the relation between WDEIA and HWP-containing soap and their prognosis, we retrospectively studied the patients who visited Hiroshima University Hospital and were diagnosed as WDEIA from January 2010 to June 2011. We took detailed clinical histories, performed skin prick tests, serum immunoassays for antigen-specific IgE and basophil histamine release test, and followed up their clinical courses after the diagnosis.
Among 36 patients with WDEIA, 30 patients had used only one type of HWP-soap. The patients with HWP-WDEIA were mainly women and had developed facial symptoms and angioedema. They suffered from blood pressure reductions less frequently than patients with conventional WDEIA. The levels of gluten-specific IgE were higher than those of omega-5 gliadin in patients with HWP-WDEIA (P < 0.05, One-way ANOVA). All patients with HWP-WDEIA were positive against HWP in histamine release test. Among the conventional wheat antigens, glutenins induced the highest histamine release from basophils of patients with HWP-WDEIA. The sensitivities of patients against glutens and glutenins were reduced over months along with the discontinuance of HWP-soap.
The development of HWP-WDEIA is associated with the use of HWP-soap. The sensitivity to HWP that cross reacts with non-processed wheat may be reduced or possibly cured after the discontinuation of HWP-soap.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We previously reported that fucoidan, a dietary fiber purified from seaweed, inhibited IgE production by B cells
in vitro. In this study, we examined the effect of fucoidan on IgE production
in vivo. ...The OVA-induced increase of plasma IgE was significantly suppressed when fucoidan was intraperitoneally, but not orally, administered prior to the first immunization with OVA. The production of IL-4 and IFN-γ in response to OVA in spleen cells isolated from OVA-sensitized mice treated with fucoidan
in vivo was lower than that from mice treated without fucoidan. Moreover, the flow cytometric analysis and ELISpot assay revealed that the administration of fucoidan suppressed a number of IgE-expressing and IgE-secreting B cells, respectively. These results indicate that fucoidan inhibits the increase of plasma IgE through the suppression of IgE-producing B cell population, and the effect of fucoidan
in vivo is crucially dependent on the route and timing of its administration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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