The desire to maintain CO2 concentrations in the global atmosphere implies the need to introduce ’new’ energy carriers for transport applications. Therefore, the operational consumption of each such ...potential medium in the ’natural’ exploitation of vehicles must be assessed. A useful assessment method may be the vehicle’s energy footprint resulting from the theory of cumulative fuel consumption, presented in the article. Using a (very modest) database of long-term use of hydrogen-powered cars, the usefulness of this method was demonstrated. Knowing the energy footprint of vehicles of a given brand and type and the statistical characteristics of the footprint elements, it is also possible to assess vehicle fleets in terms of energy demand. The database on the use of energy carriers, such as hydrogen, in the long-term operation of passenger vehicles is still relatively modest; however, as it has been shown, valuable data can be obtained to assess the energy demand of vehicles of a given brand and type. Access to a larger operational database will allow for wider use of the presented method.
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Transport is an energy-intensive sector of the economy and it is important where energy comes from and how it is used - now and in the future. The presented research results seem to encourage further ...work, despite the fact that the work had the character of basic research. The results were achieved in idealized conditions by the fact that the internal combustion engine was tested in static conditions on the test bench and the fuels contained components with strictly defined parameters. These conditions are different from everyday life. However, the obtained results seem to be valuable as they lead to conclusions regarding biofuels, and these conclusions are not directly formulated and published in the literature on the subject. The general conclusion from the research carried out is that the introduction of the so-called biofuels can contribute not to the reduction of CO2 emissions, but to its faster balancing in the environment. This balancing can be achieved but at the cost of increased fuel consumption. This increase in fuel consumption would probably not occur if the "bio" components in the fuel were synthetic hydrocarbons obtained from biomass. However, proving it requires wider studies, including LCA. Data for this LCA, especially about a fuel consumption, may be coming from long term operation of vehicles.
Propanol isomers, which are oxygen-rich fuels, possess superior octane ratings and energy density in comparison to methanol and ethanol. Recently, due to advancements in fermentation techniques, ...these propanol isomers have garnered increased interest as additives for engines. They are being explored to decrease emissions and reduce the usage of conventional fossil fuels. This study delves into this emerging field. One of the alternatives is the use of alcohol fuels in their pure state or as additives to traditional fuels. Alcohols, due to their higher volumetric energy density, are better fuels for spark ignition engines than hydrogen and biogas. Alcohol-blended fuels or alcohol fuels in their pure state may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. The current research emphasizes the effect of isopropanol gasoline blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. This investigation was conducted with different blends of isopropanol and gasoline (by volume: 10% isopropanol IP10, 20% isopropanol IP10, 30% isopropanol IP30, 40% isopropanol IP40, and 50% isopropanol IP50). The reviewed results showed that with increasing isopropanol in the fuel blends, engine brake power increased while BSFC decreased. In terms of emissions, with the increase in isopropanol in the fuel blends, CO and HC emissions decreased while CO2 and NOx emissions increased.
The article presents the results of research on the vibroacoustic response of internal combustion engines mounted in a vehicle. The vehicles studied belong to popular models, which became available ...in successive versions. Each group included vehicles of the same model of an older generation (equipped with a naturally aspirated engine) and of a newer generation, including downsized (and turbocharged) engines. Tests in each group were carried out under repeatable conditions on a chassis-load dynamometer. The vibrations were measured using single-axis accelerometers mounted on the steering wheel, engine, and driver’s head restraint mounting. The primary purpose of the study was to verify whether the new generations of vehicles equipped with additional high-speed elements (compressors) generate additional harmonics (especially those within the range potentially affecting travel comfort and human health) and whether there are significant changes in the distribution of spectral power density in the new generations. As the study showed, new generations of vehicles are characterized by a different vibroacoustic response, and the trend of change is the same in each of the families studied.
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The vehicle driver safety prediction system Wróbel, Radosław; Sierzputowski, Gustaw; Haller, Piotr ...
Combustion Engines (Online),
2022, Volume:
190, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The article presents analysis of road crash accidents. It presents the evolution of safety systems, starting from a description of the curently used vehicle-based systems, with particular emphasis on ...the prediction of the driver falling asleep. The article also proposes a proprietary system of sleep prediction based on the face detection of drivers. The detection of facial landmarks is presented as a two-step process: an algorithm finds faces in general, and then needs to localize key facial structures within the face region of interest. The article presents the operation of the algorithm to detect driver falling asleep; method of detection and analysis.
The article is focused on the potential and application of biogas, as an alternative fuel from Renewable Energy Sources, for use mainly in gas-generator stations. Biogas fuel is basically a mixture ...of methane and carbon dioxide. Its composition depends on the type of raw material used for its production. Methane concentration in biogas is between 50÷80%. To be possible engine to work with maximum efficiency with different biogas fuels, it is necessary to modify specific adjustment parameters depending on the concentration of methane in the mixture. This requires the creation of a biogas simulation system for different concentrations of the main components.
The aim is to investigate and determine the optimum and permissible biofuel blend concentrations and their impact on engine performance and fuel consumption. Biogas can be used as a fuel to produce electricity, heat or steam or as fuel for internal combustion engine, and its use will help to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
The ergonomics of transport is a topic widely described in the literature. One of the fields of ergonomics that researchers are engaged in is vibrometry (both laser and accelerometry) of travel and ...its translation into NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness). However, so far, the influence of baby carriage movement on the generated vibrations has not been described in more detail. The topic seems to be particularly important considering occurrence of vibrations with significant amplitudes, whose frequency range can have a direct bearing on the resonance frequencies of the child’s internal organs. The article presents the results of research consisting in the measurement of vibrations to which an infant, lying in two different types of prams, may be exposed when being transported on different surfaces. The author’s measurement system, based on accelerometry, was used for the research. The obtained weighted RMS acceleration values not only exceeded human comfort level in all cases (according to ISO standard) but several times were in the range of the highest discomfort (>2 m/s2). Furthermore, the observed vibration frequency range (≈0 ÷ 32 Hz) coincided with the frequencies of free vibration of organs and parts of the child’s body.
Vacuum solenoid valves have been widely used in internal combustion engine engines. They are used to regulate various processes in the car's systems by controlling actuators - for example, variable ...geometry of the turbocharger, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves, various bypass or throttle valves. The vacuum solenoid valves are controlled by the electronic control unit (ECU) by means of a constant frequency and pulse width modulation of the controlling signal. In operation, these valves change their characteristics over time, which leads to a change in the control of the actuators, and hence to the overall operation of the engine and systems related to the environmental performance of the vehicle. Often there is no feedback on the actual value compared to the demand and their correct diagnosis is difficult. In this work an experimental study was performed, which shows dependence of pressure characteristics from possible deviations of some parameters (vacuum system, power supply) in operation of the vehicle.
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