Koristeći se kvantitativnom analizom, analizirali smo izvještavanje o ženama koje su bile neizravno umiješane u četiri velika predsjednička skandala u SAD-u (Watergate, Iran - Contra, afera Clinton - ...Lewinsky, Ukrajina quid pro quo) u 258 članaka objavljenih u šest časopisa (The Atlantic, The New York Times Magazine, Time, The New Yorker, Newsweek, Rolling Stone) kako bismo ocijenili kako ih opisuju novinari. Tri su pretpostavke vodile našu analizu. Prvo, žene su pokrivene na negativan način, čak i ako nisu odgovorne za skandal. Drugo, časopisi o njima pišu na stereotipan način kada opisuju njihovo ponašanje, njihov karakter ili njihovu ulogu u skandalu. Konačno, izvještavanje o ženama uključenima u novije skandale manje je stereotipno i manje negativno. Dok literatura pokazuje da su žene negativnije prikazane od muškaraca kada su odgovorne za političke skandale, naši rezultati pokazuju da je tako i s ovim „slučajno slavnim ženama".
Using quantitative analysis, we analyzed the coverage of women indirectly involved in four major U.S. presidential scandals (Watergate, Iran-Contra, Clinton-Lewinsky affair, Ukraine quid pro quo) ...through 258 articles published in six magazines (The Atlantic, The New York Times Magazine, Time, The New Yorker, Newsweek, Rolling Stone) to assess how they are described by journalists. Three assumptions guided our analysis. First, women are covered in a negative way even if they are not responsible for the scandal. Second, they are covered by the magazines in a stereotypical way to describe their behavior, their character, or their role in the scandal. Finally, the coverage of women involved in more recent scandals is less stereotypical and less negative. While the literature shows that women receive more negative coverage than men when they are responsible for political scandals, our results show that this is also the case for these “accidental celebrities”.
Koristeći se kvantitativnom analizom, analizirali smo izvještavanje o ženama koje su bile neizravno umiješane u četiri velika predsjednička skandala u SAD-u (Watergate, Iran – Contra, afera Clinton – Lewinsky, Ukrajina quid pro quo) u 258 članaka objavljenih u šest časopisa (The Atlantic, The New York Times Magazine, Time, The New Yorker, Newsweek, Rolling Stone) kako bismo ocijenili kako ih opisuju novinari. Tri su pretpostavke vodile našu analizu. Prvo, žene su pokrivene na negativan način, čak i ako nisu odgovorne za skandal. Drugo, časopisi o njima pišu na stereotipan način kada opisuju njihovo ponašanje, njihov karakter ili njihovu ulogu u skandalu. Konačno, izvještavanje o ženama uključenima u novije skandale manje je stereotipno i manje negativno. Dok literatura pokazuje da su žene negativnije prikazane od muškaraca kada su odgovorne za političke skandale, naši rezultati pokazuju da je tako i s ovim „slučajno slavnim ženama”.
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte damage/loss and neuroaxonal injury in the context of immune cell infiltration in the CNS. No ...neuroprotective therapy is available to promote the survival of oligodendrocytes and protect their myelin processes in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. Pro-inflammatory CD4 Th17 cells can interact with oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis and its animal model, causing injury to myelinating processes and cell death through direct contact. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the close contact and subsequent detrimental interaction of Th17 cells with oligodendrocytes remain unclear. In this study we used single cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence studies on CNS tissue from multiple sclerosis subjects, its animal model and controls to characterize the expression of cell adhesion molecules by mature oligodendrocytes. We found that a significant proportion of human and murine mature oligodendrocytes express melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) in multiple sclerosis, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in controls, although their regulation differs between human and mouse. We observed that exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines or to human activated T cells are associated with a marked downregulation of the expression of MCAM but not of ALCAM at the surface of human primary oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, we used in vitro live imaging, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to determine the contribution of these molecules to Th17-polarized cell adhesion and cytotoxicity towards human oligodendrocytes. Silencing and blocking ALCAM but not MCAM limited prolonged interactions between human primary oligodendrocytes and Th17-polarized cells, resulting in decreased adhesion of Th17-polarized cells to oligodendrocytes and conferring significant protection of oligodendrocytic processes. In conclusion, we showed that human oligodendrocytes express MCAM and ALCAM, which are differently modulated by inflammation and T cell contact. We found that ALCAM is a ligand for Th17-polarized cells, contributing to their capacity to adhere and induce damage to human oligodendrocytes, and therefore could represent a relevant target for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis.
Koristeći se kvantitativnom analizom, analizirali smo izvještavanje o ženama koje su bile neizravno umiješane u četiri velika predsjednička skandala u SAD-u (Watergate, Iran – Contra, afera Clinton – ...Lewinsky, Ukrajina quid pro quo) u 258 članaka objavljenih u šest časopisa (The Atlantic, The New York Times Magazine, Time, The New Yorker, Newsweek, Rolling Stone) kako bismo ocijenili kako ih opisuju novinari. Tri su pretpostavke vodile našu analizu. Prvo, žene su pokrivene na negativan način, čak i ako nisu odgovorne za skandal. Drugo, časopisi o njima pišu na stereotipan način kada opisuju njihovo ponašanje, njihov karakter ili njihovu ulogu u skandalu. Konačno, izvještavanje o ženama uključenima u novije skandale manje je stereotipno i manje negativno. Dok literatura pokazuje da su žene negativnije prikazane od muškaraca kada su odgovorne za političke skandale, naši rezultati pokazuju da je tako i s ovim „slučajno slavnim ženama”.
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