Resumo O artigo parte das paisagens de morte das duas maiores democracias das Américas - Brasil e Estados Unidos - na crise de covid-19, oferecendo uma engrenagem conceitual denominada binômio ...vulnerabilidade-morte para ponderar em que medida a política da tragédia é um ponto de inflexão no tratamento das vulnerabilidades e da morte na política institucional, enfatizando o trabalho da Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH). Analisando as respostas normativas da CIDH, percebeu-se não a articulação, mas a bifurcação da vulnerabilidade e da morte. Embora revele um não entrelaçamento normativo, a bifurcação não significa uma escolha entre caminhos binários. Ainda que as duas democracias das Américas tenham suscitado desafios institucionais, a CIDH revelou um aprofundamento do sentido da vulnerabilidade e empreendeu normativamente em torno da morte: questões historicamente ausentes da estrutura básica internacional e capazes de lançar um desafio produtivo para a teoria da justiça internacional.
Abstract The article engages with the death landscapes of the Americas’ two largest democracies - Brazil and the United States - during the Covid-19 crisis, offering a conceptual tool entitled vulnerability-death binomial to consider the extent to which a politics of tragedy is a turning point in the ways institutional politics addresses vulnerability and death, emphasizing the work of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). When analyzing the normative responses of IACHR, no articulation was found between vulnerability and death but, instead, a bifurcation of each. Although it reveals that there is not a normative interplay between vulnerability and death, the bifurcation does not mean a choice between binary paths. While the two democracies have raised institutional challenges, the IACHR deepened certain senses of vulnerability and a normative movement towards death: issues historically absent from the international basic structure and capable of challenging the international justice theory.
Este artigo se propõe a compreender, pela literatura construtivista de normas e de certa crítica a ela, um movimento pendular dos atores privados empresariais no processo de institucionalização da ...Norma de Empresas e Direitos Humanos e da Agenda 2030. Assumindo o caso Shell na Nigéria, são feitas considerações acerca da atuação desse ator e de suas (des)preocupações no tempo e no espaço com os direitos humanos e a justiça sócio-ambiental
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Resumo: A dinâmica de transmissão da dengue é multifatorial e envolve aspectos socioeconômicos, ecológicos e ambientais, sendo este último intimamente relacionado às condições climáticas locais que ...interferem no ciclo reprodutivo dos vetores da doença. Por sua vez, o clima é dependente dos mecanismos oceânicos tropicais, a exemplo das fases de El Niño/La Niña sobre o Pacífico. O presente trabalho contribui com esta temática e reporta as correlações entre o índice MEI (Multivariate ENOS Index) do Pacífico e o número de casos notificados de dengue em sete capitais da Amazônia brasileira, no período de 2001 a 2012. Além disso, investiga-se o padrão de sazonalidade (médias trimestrais) dos casos de dengue ao longo da região. As evidências de que o fenômeno El Niño/La Niña provoca redução/aumento no padrão pluviométrico local é consistente com o número menor/maior de casos notificados de dengue na maior parte das capitais amazônicas, cujo resultado foi comprovado pelas correlações negativas estatisticamente significantes encontradas para Manaus (Amazonas), São Luís (Maranhão), Belém (Pará) e Palmas (Tocantins). As médias dos 12 anos (2001/2012) revelaram a presença de sazonalidade pronunciada na incidência de dengue na maioria das capitais, com picos acentuados de janeiro a março Rio Branco (Acre), Manaus, Belém e Palmas e de abril a junho (São Luís), correspondendo em torno de 50% a 70% do total anual. As localidades mais ao norte Boa Vista (Roraima) e Macapá (Amapá) revelaram registro da dengue ao longo de todos os trimestres do ano, não apresentando sazonalidade acentuada.
Resumen: La dinámica de transmisión del dengue es multifactorial e implica aspectos socioeconómicos, ecológicos y ambientales, estando estos últimos íntimamente relacionados con las condiciones climáticas locales que interfieren en el ciclo reproductivo de los vectores de la enfermedad. A su vez, el clima depende de los mecanismos oceánicos tropicales, como por ejemplo las fases de El Niño/La Niña sobre el Pacífico. El presente trabajo contribuye a esta temática e informa sobre las correlaciones entre el índice MEI (Multivariate ENOS Index) del Pacífico y el número de casos notificados de dengue en siete capitales de la Amazonia brasileña durante el período de 2001 a 2012. Además, se investiga el patrón de estacionalidad (medias trimestrales) de los casos de dengue a lo largo de la región. Las evidencias de que el fenómeno El Niño/La Niña provoca reducción/aumento en el patrón pluviométrico local es consistente con el número menor/mayor de casos notificados de dengue en la mayor parte de las capitales amazónicas, cuyo resultado se comprobó por las correlaciones negativas estadísticamente significativas encontradas en Manaus (Amazonas), São Luís (Maranhão), Belém (Pará) y Palmas (Tocantins). Las medias de los doce años (2001/2012) revelaron la presencia de estacionalidad pronunciada en la incidencia de dengue en la mayoría de las capitales, con picos acentuados de enero a marzo Rio Branco (Acre), Manaus, Belém y Palmas y de abril a junio (São Luís), correspondiendo en torno del 50 al 70% del total anual. Las localidades más al norte Boa Vista (Roraima) y Macapá (Amapá) revelaron registro del dengue a lo largo de todos los trimestres del año, no presentando una estacionalidad acentuada.
Abstract: The dynamics of dengue transmission are multifactorial and involve socioeconomic, ecological, and environmental aspects, the latter being closely related to local climatic conditions that affect the vector’s reproductive cycle. Climate depends in turn on tropical oceanic mechanisms such as phases of El Niño/La Niña over the Pacific. The study contributes to this discussion and reports on the correlations between the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) in the Pacific and the number of reported dengue cases in seven state capitals in the Brazilian Amazon from 2001 to 2012. The study also analyzes the seasonality pattern (quarterly mean values) in dengue cases throughout the region. Evidence that El Niño/La Niña causes a decrease versus increase in the local rainfall pattern is consistent with the lower versus higher number of reported dengue cases in most of the state capitals in the Amazon, a result proven by the statistically significant negative correlations seen in Manaus (Amazonas), São Luís (Maranhão), Belém (Pará) and Palmas (Tocantins). The 12-years means (2001-2012) revealed the presence of pronounced seasonality in dengue incidence in the majority of the state capitals, with sharp peaks from January to March Rio Branco (Acre), Manaus, Belém and Palmas and from April to June (São Luís), corresponding to 50-70% of the annual total. State capitals farther north Boa Vista (Roraima) and Macapá (Amapá) showed dengue reporting in all quarters of the year, with no pronounced seasonality.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted to men and animals by infected female phlebotomine sandflies and is considered a great environmental and public health problem in the Amazon region. ...Thus, the study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of this disease in São Félix do Xingu, in the state of Pará, Brazil, and its relationship with epidemiological and environmental variables, in the period from 2012 to 2016.
The data used were from the Information System of the Pará State Secretariat of Health, the National Institute for Space Research and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The statistical and spatial analysis of the variables were done using non-parametric chi-square statistical test, kernel interpolation technique and the Bivariate Global Moran Index.
The municipality had 183 confirmed cases, non-homogeneously distributed in 5 administrative districts. The individuals most affected were adult males with brown skin, an elementary level of education and rural area residents. In the case series, a direct relationship was observed between the increase of the number of cases and deforestation in the study area. The spatial analysis showed different types of land use and cover related to case clusters in the municipality. Additionally, there was a presence of cases in protected areas and a great epidemiological silence in indigenous lands.
Thus, this disease is a large and complex public health problem in the municipality, related to social and environmental risk factors.
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The NR3C1 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene is a component of the stress response system, which can be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. NR3C1 methylation has been associated with trauma and mental ...issues, including depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and personality disorders. Previous studies have reported that stressful events are involved in NR3C1 gene methylation, suggesting that its regulation under environmental effects is complex. The present study aimed to analyze associations involving stressors such as socioeconomic status, health conditions, and lifestyle in relation to NR3C1 methylation in adults. This study included 386 individual users of the Brazilian Public Unified Health System (SUS), and evaluated socioeconomic and health conditions, body mass index, cortisol levels, and lifestyle. Data were correlated with NR3C1 methylation, determined using DNA pyrosequencing. The results showed that alcohol consumption, overweight, and high cortisol levels were related to NR3C1 demethylation, while depression was related to its methylation. Habits, lifestyle, and health status may influence NR3C1 gene regulation via methylation, revealing the complexity of environmental impacts on NR3C1 methylation.
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II Consenso Brasileiro em Paracoccidioidomicose - 2017 Shikanai-Yasuda, Maria Aparecida; Mendes, Rinaldo Pôncio; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes ...
Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde,
11/2018, Volume:
27, Issue:
esp
Journal Article
Open access
Resumo A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma micose sistêmica, relacionada às atividades agrícolas, com incidência e prevalência subestimadas, pela ausência de notificação em várias Unidades da ...Federação (UFs). A evolução insidiosa do quadro clínico pode ter como consequência sequelas graves se o diagnóstico e o tratamento não forem instituídos precoce e adequadamente. Ao lado do complexo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (P. brasiliensis), a descrição de nova espécie, Paracoccidioides lutzii (P. lutzii), em Rondônia, onde a doença alcançou níveis epidêmicos, bem como na região Centro-Oeste e no Pará, constituem-se em desafios para a instituição do diagnóstico e a urgente disponibilização de antígenos que tenham reatividade com os soros dos pacientes. Este consenso visa atualizar o primeiro consenso brasileiro em PCM, estabelecendo recomendações para o manejo clínico do paciente, com base nas evidências conhecidas. São apresentados dados de etiologia, epidemiologia, imunopatogenia, diagnóstico, terapêutica e sequelas, enfatizando-se o diagnóstico e a terapêutica, bem como recomendações e desafios atuais nessa área do conhecimento.
Biomass conversion into valuable compounds including fuels, chemicals and materials has become the subject of a wide range of studies in recent years. In spite of the several reports available on ...transformations of biomass-derived platform molecules into a range of products, chemo-catalytic and biotechnological strategies for the conversion of various feedstocks to key platform chemicals constitute an important area for biomass deconstruction which will allow subsequent processes for high added value products. This contribution has the objective of disclosing a series of strategies for the processing and pretreatment of key biomass feedstocks into platform chemicals, namely bioethanol and key carboxylic acids (
e.g.
levulinic and succinic acids).
This contribution has been aimed to highlight some of the key processes and recent advances on bio(chemical) transformations of biomass feedstocks into bioethanol and key carboxylic acids which can be further processes into materials, chemicals and fuels.
This study aimed to investigate the molecular pathways involved in muscle wasting in an animal model of osteoarthritis (OA) induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rats. Reduction ...of protein syntheses, increased proteolysis and impaired muscle regeneration are important pathways related to muscle wasting, and myogenin, MyoD, myostatin and MuRF-1 are some of their markers. Female Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: OA (submitted to the ACLT) and SHAM (submitted to surgery without ACLT). Nociception, spontaneous exploratory locomotion and body weight of animals were evaluated weekly. Twelve weeks after the disease induction, animals were euthanized, and the right knee joints were collected. Gastrocnemius muscle of the right hind paw were dissected and weighed. Gastrocnemius was used for evaluation of muscle atrophy and expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, Pax7, myogenin, MyoD, myostatin and MuRF-1. Histopathology of the knee confirmed the development of the disease in animals of OA group. Gastrocnemius of OA animals showed a reduction of about 10% in area and an increased IL-1β expression compared to animals of SHAM group. Expression of myostatin was increased in OA group, while myogenin expression was decreased. TNF-α, Pax7, MuRF-1 and MyoD expression was similar in both OA and SHAM groups. Nociception was significantly elevated in OA animals in the last two weeks of experimental period. Spontaneous exploratory locomotion, body weight and weight of gastrocnemius showed no difference between OA and SHAM groups. Gastrocnemius atrophy in OA induced by ACLT involves elevated expression of IL-1β within the muscle, as well as increased expression of myostatin and decreased expression of myogenin. Therefore, muscle wasting may be linked to impaired muscle regeneration.
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Objective
To evaluate the effects of continuous (CA) and intermittent (IA) aerobic training on hormonal and metabolic parameters and body composition of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
...Design
Prospective, interventional, randomized study.
Methods
Randomized controlled training (RCT) with sample allocation and stratification into three groups: CAT (n = 28) and IAT (n = 29) training and no training control (CG), n = 30. Before and after 16 weeks of intervention (CAT or IAT) or observation (CG), hormonal and metabolic parameters, body composition and anthropometric indices were evaluated. Aerobic physical training on a treadmill consisted of 30‐ to 50‐minute sessions with intensities ranging from 60% to 90% of the maximum heart rate.
Results
In the CA group, there was reduction in waist circumference (WC) (P = .045), hip circumference (P = .032), cholesterol (P ≤ .001), low‐density lipoprotein (P = .030) and testosterone (P ≤ .001). In the IAT group, there was a reduction in WC (P = .014), waist‐to‐hip ratio (P = .012), testosterone (P = .019) and the free androgen index (FAI) (P = .037). The CG showed increases in WC (P = .049), total body mass (P = .015), body fat percentage (P = .034), total mass of the arms (P ≤ .001), trunk fat percentage (P = .033), leg fat percentage (P = .021) and total gynoid mass (P = .011).
Conclusion
CAT and IAT training reduced anthropometric indices and hyperandrogenism in PCOS, whereas only IAT training reduced the FAI. Furthermore, only CAT training improved the lipid profile.
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