Display omitted
•WEY increased from 56.92 to 315.42 % in 100 % N under bi cropping system.•Net returns increased from US $ 188.5 to US $ 224.0/ha in 100 % N in bi-cropping system.•Soil OC, available ...N and P increased significantly in bi-cropping system.•100 % N application in bi-cropping had highest stability in wheat equivalent yield.•Bi-cropping system recorded higher LER (18.01 to 57.65 %) over sole cropping.
We studied the integration of white clover (Trifolium repens) with nitrogen management practices in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - maize (Zea mays L.) cropping sequence to find optimum level of N and to enhance forage production. This experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications comprising of 12 treatments viz., (T1) wheat-maize; (T2) white clover + wheat -maize (0 N); (T3) white clover (sole); and (T4 to T12) 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended N to wheat, maize or both. Application of 100 % N to white clover + wheat - maize (bi-cropping) recorded the highest crude protein in white clover. Wheat equivalent yield (WEY) was computed by multiplying the white clover and maize yields with their respective per unit price to compare the system productivity. The system productivity was found 2.67 (56.92 %) and 5.93 t/ha (315.42 %) higher in 100 % N application to bi-cropping over wheat-maize (0 N) and sole white clover, respectively. Highest net returns (US $ 188.5 and 224.0/ha at farmers’ field and research farm, respectively) were also recorded in the same bi-cropping treatment. Bi-cropping along with N application resulted in higher Land equivalent ratio (LER) (18.01–57.65%) over sole cropping. The treatment and treatment x environment (TTE) bi-plot also explained 99.84, 98.70 and 99.63 % of treatment and treatment × environment variation for WEY, Benefit: Cost Ratio (BCR) and LER, respectively. Soil fertility improved significantly in sole white clover and bi-cropping treatments with N application. However, when upto 75 % N of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) was applied to bi-cropping system resulted in higher WEY, BCR and LER, which were at par with 100 % N. Thus, cereal-clover bi-cropping system along with 75 % N of RDF can be recommended for sustainable forage and food production; and better soil health in temperate, sub-temperate climatic regions of the world.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To evaluate the effectiveness of mirror therapy on lower extremity motor recovery, balance and mobility in patients with acute stroke.
A randomized, sham-controlled, assessor blinded, pilot trial.
...Inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit.
First time onset of stroke with mean post-stroke duration of 6.41 days, able to respond to verbal instructions, and Brunnstrom recovery stage 2 and above were enrolled.
Mirror therapy group performed 30 minutes of functional synergy movements of non-paretic lower extremity, whereas control group underwent sham therapy with similar duration. In addition, both groups were administered with conventional stroke rehabilitation regime. Altogether 90 minutes therapy session per day, six days a week, for two weeks duration was administered to both groups.
Lower extremity motor subscale of Fugl Meyer Assessment (FMA), Brunnel Balance Assessment (BBA) and Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC).
Amongst the 22 patients included, equal number of patients participated in mirror group (N = 11) and control group (N = 11). Baseline variables were similar in both groups, except for Brunnstrom recovery stage. There was no statistical difference between groups, except for FAC. (FMA: P = 0.894; BBA: P = 0.358; FAC: P = 0.02). Significance was set at P < 0.05.
Administration of mirror therapy early after stroke is not superior to conventional treatment in improving lower limb motor recovery and balance, except for improvement in mobility.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective: To examine the effects of trunk exercises performed using the physio ball as against the plinth, on trunk control and functional balance in patients with acute stroke.Design: An ...observer-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial.Subjects: Thirty patients with acute stroke (mean post-stroke duration 12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2–34) days) who had the first onset of unilateral haemorrhagic or ischaemic lesion and an independent ability to sit for 30 seconds.Setting: Inpatient stroke rehabilitation centre.Interventions: The experimental group performed task-specific trunk exercises on an unstable surface (physio ball) while the control group performed them on a stable surface (plinth). In addition to regular acute physiotherapy, both the groups underwent 1 hour of trunk exercises a day, four days a week for three weeks.Main measures: Trunk Impairment Scale and Brunel Balance Assessment.Results: The difference between the baseline characteristics of the patients belonging to both groups was not statistically significant. Post-intervention, both the groups improved on trunk control and functional balance but the experimental group improved more significantly than the control group (change scores of between-group comparison for the total Trunk Impairment Scale 3.06 (1.43), dynamic sitting balance 1.47 (1.36) and coordination 1.3 (0.67) subscales of Trunk Impairment Scale; the total Brunel Balance Assessment 1.8 (1.4) and stepping 1.87 (1.6) component of Brunel Balance Assessment). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.Conclusions: The trunk exercises performed on the physio ball are more effective than those performed on the plinth in improving both trunk control and functional balance in acute stroke patients, suggesting a task-specific effect and also a carry-over effect.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered as one of the biggest threats to modern civilization. The reviewis published with a view to provide awareness about this growing menace, which if not ...monitored and controlledcould lead to major public health consequences with greater economic impact. Very little data and information isavailable regarding AMR in livestock and aquaculture. An attempt was made to collate the available information onAMR subsequent to constitution of INFAAR (Indian Network on Fishery and Animals Antimicrobial Resistance) byICAR and FAO, in reference to National Action Plan on AMR by GoI in April, 2017.
This study was executed to find out correlation between postural alignment in sitting measured through photogrammetry and postural control in sitting following stroke.
A cross-sectional study with ...convenient sampling consisting of 45 subjects with acute and sub-acute stroke. Postural alignment in sitting was measured through photogrammetry and relevant angles were obtained through software MB Ruler (version 5.0). Seated postural control was measured through Function in Sitting Test (FIST). Correlation was obtained using Spearman's Rank Correlation co-efficient in SPSS software (version 17.0).
Moderate positive correlation (r = 0.385; p < 0.01) was found between angle of lordosis and angle between acromion, lateral epicondyle and point between radius and ulna. Strong negative correlation (r = -0.435; p < 0.01) was found between cranio-vertebral angle and kyphosis. FIST showed moderate positive correlation (r = 0.3446; p < 0.05) with cranio-vertebral angle and strong positive correlation (r = 0.4336; p < 0.01) with Brunnstrom's stage of recovery in upper extremity.
Degree of forward head posture in sitting correlates directly with seated postural control and inversely with degree of kyphosis in sitting post-stroke. Postural control in sitting post-stroke is directly related with Brunnstrom's stage of recovery in affected upper extremity in sitting.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Leprosy affecting the nerve solely or with concomitant skin lesions is not an uncommon condition in clinical practice. It is responsible for extensive morbidity and often poses ...a diagnostic challenge. This study aims to highlight the clinicopathological features of Hansen's neuritis (HN).
Materials and Methods:
In this retrospective study, cases of histologically diagnosed HN, from January 2010 to July 2017, were reviewed in the light of clinical features, treatment history, and outcome.
Results:
There were 18 cases of HN which accounted for 3.97% of total nerve biopsy samples (
n
= 453) and 0.02% of total histopathology samples (
n
= 81,013). The male: female ratio was 5:1 in the cases of HN. Age range was 20–79 years with a mean age of 42.4 years (standard deviation: ±14.03). Among the HN cases, there were 13 cases of pure neuritic leprosy (61.1%). Mononeuritis multiplex was the most common finding in the nerve conduction study. Six (33.3%) cases exhibited histological features of borderline tuberculoid leprosy, followed by five (27.8%) cases of mid-borderline features, three (16.7%) cases each of borderline lepromatous and burnt-out HN, and one (5.6%) case of polar tuberculoid leprosy. Lepra bacilli were detected on Fite-Faraco stain in 44.4% cases.
Conclusion:
Diagnosis of HN depends on astute search for skin lesions, nerve thickening or tenderness, sensory or motor symptoms, histopathological examination, and demonstration of lepra bacilli.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Highest number of FMD affected villages and animal level incidence was in non-FMD-CP implemented Assam and Madhya Pradesh states, respectively and negligible incidence was in FMD-CP implemented ...Punjab state.•The crossbred and high productive animals was severely infected than local breeds and the sexwise and agewise comparison revealed higher incidence in females and adult animals.•In severe incidence scenario, milk loss ranged between USD 6.87–47.44, USD 18.42–125.88, USD 16.33–91.43, and USD 27.17–123.62; mortality loss ranged between USD 32.61–804.27, USD 30.76–577.7, USD 65.36–502.2,and USD 188.04–413.7; distress sale ranged between USD 3.22–188.63,USD 64.34–519.3, USD 214.47–341.8, and USD 209.11–450.3; opportunity cost of labour ranged between USD 5.49–54.29, USD 5.49–67.78; USD 7.95–31.37 and USD 9.83–72.38 in indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle, local and improved buffalo, respectively.•The projected farm-level economic loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India was USD 3159 million (INR 221,110 million), USD 270 million (INR 18,910 million) and USD 152 million (INR 10,610 million), respectively, with wide variation between the states.•The bi-annual vaccination need to be strictly implemented in the non-FMD-CP and also in the FMD-CP states to reduce the disease incidence.
The study investigated the important epidemiological parameters and farm-level economic costs of FMD incidence in cattle and buffaloes during 2013−14 to 2015−16 in various states of India. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted for the primary survey and data was collected through face-to-face personal interview from 18,609 cattle and buffalo rearing farm households from 123 districts across twelve states and one Union Territory. Besides epidemiological parameters, different farm-level direct and indirect loss associated with FMD was assessed at disaggregated level (states) by employing deterministic mathematical models. Highest number of affected villages and disease incidence was observed in non- FMD control programme (FMD-CP) implemented Madhya Pradesh and Assam states, respectively whereas negligible incidence was in FMD-CP implemented Punjab state. The disease incidence was high during 2013−14 and declined during 2014−15 and 2015−16, respectively implied severe incidence scenario (2013−14) succeeded by moderate (2014−15) and mild (2015−16) scenarios. The crossbred and high productive animals were severely affected than local breeds whereas on sexwise and agewise comparison revealed higher incidence in females and adult animals. During severe incidence scenario, milk loss/animal ranged from USD 6.87–47.44, 18.42–125.88, 16.33–91.43, and 27.17–123.62; mortality loss/animal ranged from USD 32.61–804.27, 30.76–577.7, 65.36–502.2, and 188.04–413.7; distress sale loss/animal ranged from USD 3.22–188.63, 64.34–519.3, 214.47–341.8, and 209.11–450.3; and opportunity cost of labour/animal from USD 5.49–54.29, 5.49–67.78; 7.95–31.37 and 9.83–72.38 in indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle, local and improved buffalo, respectively. The estimated draught power loss/animal varied from USD 39.46–142.94 with least being in Madhya Pradesh and highest in Assam states whereas the median treatment cost/animal was USD 9.18 and USD 27.07 in indigenous cattle and upgraded buffaloes, respectively. The total farm-level economic loss projected due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India was USD 3159 million (INR 221,110 million), USD 270 million (INR 18,910 million) and USD 152 million (INR 10,610 million), respectively during the severe, moderate and mild incidence scenarios at 2015−16 constant prices. The loss varied across the states, and in severe incidence scenario, the country might lose USD 3.2 billion/year and hence, the bi-annual vaccination schedule need to be strictly implemented in all the states. Besides timely vaccination coverage, managing unabated animal movement, educating and motivating the farmers to vaccinate their animals might reduce the incidence and consequential losses to various stakeholders in endemic states like India.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In India, among various diseases that limit livestock production, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) stands first and affects thousands of animals every year. The estimation of loss due to FMD is of ...paramount importance for designing appropriate control plans. The economic impact studies on various livestock diseases including FMD are very minimal and hence this study assessed the economic loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in few states and overall loss in the country. The total loss estimated comprise of milk yield reduction, unavailability of draught power, distress sale, treatment cost, mortality and opportunity cost of labour based on primary survey undertaken in 10 states and one Union territory. The results revealed that there was variation in loss levels between species and among the study states due to variation in disease incidence and severity levels, productive capacity of the animals, animal health infrastructure in the respective states, etc. The total estimated loss due to FMD in cattle and buffalo was INR 20,897 crore during 2013-14 with wide variation in magnitude across the states studied. The study provided empirical evidence of loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in few states and overall loss in the country.
Summary
A systematic vaccination programme is ongoing in India to control the three prevailing serotypes (A, O, Asia1) of foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) virus. Under the programme, more than ...120 million bovine (term bovine applicable to both cattle and buffalo in this study) population of 221 of the 666 districts in the country are being bi‐annually vaccinated with trivalent vaccine since 2010. Although clinical disease has reduced in these districts because of the systematic vaccinations, an abrupt increase in the number of FMD cases was recorded in 2013. Hence, a longitudinal field study was conducted in the year 2014 to estimate the serological herd immunity level in bovines, the impact of systematic vaccinations and field efficacy of the vaccines used. Serum samples (n = 115 963) collected from 295 districts of the 18 states of the country were analysed to estimate antibody titres against structural proteins of the three serotypes. The efficacy of the vaccine was demonstrated in the control group (group‐D) where animals of the group were identified by ear tags for the purpose of repeated sampling after vaccination. Progressive building of the herd immunity in the field after systematic vaccination was demonstrated. The mean antibody titre against the serotypes O, A and Asia1 was estimated as log10 1.93 (95% CI 1.92–1.93), 2.02 (2.02–2.02) and 2.02 (2.02–2.02), respectively, in the states covered under the control programme. However, in other states herd immunity was significantly low mean titre log10 1.68 (95% CI 1.67–1.69), 1.77 (1.76–1.78) and 1.85 (1.84–1.86) against the three serotypes. Inverse relationship between the herd immunity and FMD incidences was observed the states following different vaccination practices. The study helped in demarcation of FMD risk zones in the country with low herd immunity. Estimation of herd immunity kinetics in the field helped in refining the vaccination schedule under the control programme.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
