This article ‘tracks’ memes, forms of networked, pictorial/caption humour and social commentary – as well as cultural labour, through a process of value change: the ‘meme stream’. This is a process ...of incorporation of cultural resistance and labour into, and by, the dominant forces of capital that facilitate them: social media networks and their advertisers. We use Marcuse’s Repressive Tolerance alongside Debord’s Spectacle to argue that as memes move, increasing their audience as they go, they lose resonance with a dedicated audience but gain exposure with a more diffuse audience, which is detrimental to the expression of political, countercultural or socially provocative positions. We use Doge as our explanatory structural example. Our contribution is to demonstrate that the systems that allow for the flow and movement of memes reduce their expressive content, shifting them towards a template that is impotent for cultural, social or political critique.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In October of 2017 fast fashion retailers H&M produced an online ad that featured some of Jason ‘REVOK’ Williams’ graffiti in the background. Revok filed a cease and desist order to get H&M to stop ...using his work in their ad. H&M then sued him, claiming he had no right to copyright protections because the work was produced illegally. This lawsuit became public knowledge and infuriated the global graffiti community, who began a week long worldwide uncoordinated direct action campaign against H&M. Graffiti writers wrote graffiti on H&M storefronts and ideologically attacked H&M in social media spaces until the lawsuit was dropped. This article will examine why graffiti writers responded to the lawsuit against Revok this way, considering these graffiti writers had to undertake great personal risk to commit their acts of vandalism and, because none of them had any personal or financial stake in the outcome of the lawsuit. To understand why graffiti writers acted as they did graffiti as a protest act and as a spectacle will be discussed, as will the importance of subcultural capital. Further this article will explain the motivations of graffiti writers in their fight against H&M and the ways that they use physical and virtual spaces to build their reputations and interact and communicate with each other. Ultimately, this will explain how H&M filing the lawsuit against Revok provided a crucial moment of opportunity that allowed graffiti writers to engage in dramatic public acts of self-promotion. These acts marked writers as politically aware, anti-authoritarians willing to take risks and violate the authoritative aesthetics of the clean and controlled H&M storefronts in support of Revok, which in turn made their acts of graffiti forms of contentious political participation. Through sharing their acts on social media and associating it with the Revok vs. H&M conflict through hashtags, writers further promoted themselves, clearly associated themselves with famous graffiti writer Revok and increased their general presence and their subcultural capital within the graffiti community.
Artists have been making their mark on the world for at least 70,000 years. Some of the best known examples of what is commonly referred to as cave art are from the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe, at ...sites which are popular tourist attractions, their visitors wondering at the motivations of those responsible. In some ways, contemporary graffiti are not so dissimilar: passers-by stopping to view art without ever seeing the artists at work, puzzled at their intentions. As in the caves, these more recent works have a sense of the mysterious, while bringing light and dynamism to otherwise mundane and unspectacular spaces, giving these spaces new meaning and adding value. In this paper, we focus on ways that archaeological interpretation contributes to understanding the cultural significance of the interstitial places where these historic and contemporary artworks are often found and also, therefore, the marginalised people who typically inhabit them.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Virtually Criminal is an ethnographic examination into the effects of virtual deviance on social ties and systems of social control in a graphically represented online community. Characteristics of ...online environments are then discussed in terms of their neutralizing effect on internal controls that prevent one from engaging in deviant behavior.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This article examines diversity of content on the opinion pages of 25 different U.S. newspapers and news magazines in the weeks leading up to the 2003 U.S. attack on Iraq. It seeks to answer 3 ...questions. (a) Who are the authors writing these opinion pieces? (b) How are different author types distributed across different periodicals? and (c) Does author type play any role when it comes to contributing moral content to public debate? These questions are important, especially when it comes to macromoral matters like war. J. Habermas (1989) expected a properly functioning public sphere to debate such matters in a moral way. This study examines which voices contribute to that end.
La voix morale critique dans les pages d'opinion des journaux américains
Résumé : Cet article examine la diversité du contenu des pages d'opinion de 25 différents journaux et magazines d'information américains dans les semaines menant à l'attaque américaine de 2003 en Irak. Il cherche à répondre à trois questions : (1) qui sont les auteurs derrière ces lettres d'opinion?, (2) comment les différents types d'auteurs sont‐ils distribués à travers différents périodiques? et (3) le type d'auteur joue‐t‐il quelque rôle que ce soit lorsqu'il s'agit de contribuer un contenu moral au débat public? Ces questions sont importantes, surtout quand il s'agit d'enjeux macro‐moraux comme la guerre. Habermas comptait sur une sphère publique fonctionnant correctement pour débattre de tels enjeux d'une manière morale. Cette étude examine quelles sont les voix qui contribuent à cet objectif.
Mots clés : théorie critique et culturelle, théorie critique des médias, discours, éthique, médias et guerre, démocratie médiatique, communication politique
Die kritische moralische Stimme in den Kommentaren U.S.‐amerikanischer Tageszeitungen
Dieser Artikel untersucht die inhaltliche Vielfalt in den Kommentarseiten von 25 U.S.‐amerikanischen Tageszeitungen und Zeitschriften aus der Woche vor dem Angriff der USA auf den Irak im Jahr 2003. Drei Fragen sollen beantwortet werden: 1) Wer sind die Autoren dieser Beiträge? 2) Wie verteilen sich die Autorentypen über die verschiedenen Medien? Und 3) Hat der Autorentyp eine Bedeutung, wenn es um einen inhaltlich moralischen Beitrag zur öffentlichen Debatte geht? Diese Fragen sind mit Blick auf Makromoral‐Aspekte wie Krieg von Bedeutung. Habermas erwartet nämlich, dass eine gut funktionierende Öffentlichkeit solche Themen auf moralische Art und Weise diskutiert. Die Studie untersucht die Stimmen, die dazu beitragen.
Schlüsselbegriffe: Kritische und Kulturtheorie, Kritische Theorie der Medien, Diskurs, Ethik, Medien und Krieg, Mediendemokratie, Politische Kommunikation
La Voz Moral Crítica en las Páginas de Opinión de los Periódicos Estadounidenses
Resumen: Este ensayo examina la diversidad en el contenido de las páginas de opinión de 25 periódicos y revistas de noticias diferentes de los Estados Unidos en las semanas previas al ataque de los EE.UU. a Irak en el 2003. Busca responder a tres preguntas: 1) quiénes son los autores que escriben estas piezas de opinión? 2) Cómo están los distintos tipos de autores distribuidos a través de los diferentes periódicos? Y 3) Juega algún rol el tipo de autor cuando se trata de contribuir al contenido moral en el debate público? Estas preguntas son importantes, especialmente cuando se trata de asuntos morales a nivel macro como la guerra. Habermas esperaba una esfera pública funcionando en forma apropiada para debatir esos asuntos en una forma moral. Este estudio examina cuáles voces contribuyeron a ese final.
Palabras claves: Teoría crítica y cultural, Teoría crítica de los medios, Discurso, Ética, los Medios y la guerra, Medios democráticos, Comunicación política.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This work is an ethnographic examination of how graffiti writers in Philadelphia produce the work they produce and how, through the production of that work, they construct new subjective selves and ...build new social spaces. It begins by offering a historical account of the emergence and development of graffiti as a practice. It then describes how the practice of writing graffiti became a sub (or counter) culture within the city due to how it was reacted to by city authorities and how writers then reacted to this interpretation of what they were doing. It further describes how the aesthetic practices specific to Philadelphia’s graffiti culture emerged and why, and how the way city officials publicly constructed the idea of graffiti caused differing city authorities (the police and the courts) to consider the crime of graffiti to carry differing forms of socially destructive severity. Additionally, it explains the complex internal systems of rules and politics that govern how graffiti writers think about and interact with the physical spaces that comprise the city, how they negotiate their position and status within the graffiti community and how they establish the rules for handling interpersonal conflicts when they arise. It then offers a theoretical account for how the work that graffiti writers do causes them to literally see and interact with the city differently than other citizens and how graffiti on the landscape of the city offers all citizens the opportunity to conceptually reconsider how city spaces can appear. It then addresses why city spaces appear the way they do. Further it offers the idea that graffiti engages with the concept of who has the authority to physically and visually decide how the city landscape appears and how the right to those decisions are debated between those with the legal and financial authority to decide them and those who alter them without (though sometimes with) permission. It concludes by discussing issues of gender within the graffiti community and how through the work graffiti writers’ produce they offer a type of perpetual becoming to the urban landscape and to city life.
This study reports on a content analysis of 64 websites that promote, advocate, and convey information in support of sexual relationships between adults and children to determine whether these sites ...were structured as learning environments for crimes involving the sexual exploitation of children. The findings indicate that the adult-child sex advocacy websites examined are criminogenic in that they contain a myriad of communication tools (e.g. chat rooms, instant messengers, and message boards) to foster interaction among site users and expose users to rationalizations for offending and, in turn, definitions favorable to sexual violations against minors. Given the present findings, the courts and community corrections officials should consider expanding restrictions put on the Internet use of offenders released on parole and defendants on probation to include adult-child sex advocacy websites. Additionally, companies offering website hosting services should modify their terms of service agreements to ban content advocating sexual relationships between adults and children. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
E-mail, instant messengers, chat rooms, and websites are just a few of
the many tools available to facilitate communication over computer
networks. E-mail provides users with an alternative to postal ...mail and
the fax machine and can be used to send a myriad of communiquésincluding business contracts, office memos, and love letters-across the
globe in seconds. Instant messenger programs enable real-time text communication and provide an alternative to the telephone. They can be used
to send a quick greeting to an overseas friend or to keep parents in touch
with children who are away at school. Like the local pub, the computerIntroduction 103
Criminogenic Considerations Concerning Online Communities 105
Method 107Sampling 108
Measures 108Communication and Participation Construct 110
Techniques of Neutralization Construct 111
Imitation Content Construct 111Data Collection 112
Findings 113
Discussion and Conclusion 118
Acknowledgments 122
References 123chat room can bring together prospective lovers or provide a meeting
place for people to debate politics, sports, the arts, or any conceivable
topic. Websites facilitate commerce by bringing together merchants with
distant customers and allow for the easy distribution of information,
such as the latest headlines or a novel on The New York Times bestseller
list. Social networking websites remove psychological and geographic
barriers to social relationships and link like-minded people from around
the world.
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