On the Recovery of the Water Balance Varotsos, Costas A.; Krapivin, Vladimir F.; Mkrtchyan, Ferdenant A.
Water, air, and soil pollution,
04/2020, Volume:
231, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Climate scenarios for future global warming expect the enhancement of the hydrological cycle during the twenty-first century. In particular, accurate simulation of water content in the soil depends ...not only on the correct determination of the percentages of each component in the water balance but also on the measured biophysical properties of the soil available. One of the greatest man-made environmental disasters in history is the destruction of the Aral Sea which is heavily polluted. Possible scenarios have been formulated, to transfer water from the Siberian rivers to Central Asia and to limit the unsustainable extension of irrigation in this region. A new scenario proposed in this paper is partly based on the use of Caspian water evaporators located on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. The implementation of this scenario allows the rescue of the Aral Sea and the normalization of water balance in Central Asia. The results of the calculations show that the Aral Sea can be restored over the next 90–240 years depending on these versions. If the anthropogenic outflow of river water is further reduced by 10%, the Aral Sea will be restored for about 90 years. Finally, possible versions of the water recovery scenario are discussed and evaluated and compared with other examples such as Lake Eyre in Australia, Lake Sevan in Armenia, and Lake Chad in central Africa.
The geo-ecosystems of the lakes play an important role in their wider geographical areas, such as energy and biological resources, as well as water sources for agriculture, industry, and drinking ...water. The main goal of the present paper is to develop a new approach to the effective monitoring of lakes water quality. Three new optical decision-making systems (ODMS) are being set up first as components of this new monitoring system. The first ODMS is based on an 8-channel universal spectrophotometer. The second involves a 35-channel spectrophotometer to diagnose water sampling and the third includes a 128-channel spectroellipsometer. All versions of ODMS include special software that incorporates algorithms and models to solve optical inverse tasks and decision making about the quality of lakes water. ODMS provides a spectral image of the water quality of the lakes in wavelengths ranging between 350 and 910 nm depending on the optical device. The recognition of spectral images generated by ODMS allows the detection of adverse changes in water quality and the decision-making on the choice of strategy to deal with this change. In particular, a case study of Lake Sevan in Armenia is being conducted for the ODMS demonstration, and the results of the lakes water diagnosis are being discussed. The ODMS estimate for water quality error does not exceed 18%, while the forecast for water quality for 1 month includes an error not exceeding 10% and 20% for 1 year.
The article presents the results of a study about the features of pre-service teachers’ professional reflection. The average statistical results of the pre-service teachers who were the participants ...of the Olympiad “I am a professional” are considered in the context of students’ professional pedagogical reflection development. The research is based on the concept of three reflection functions: research, criticism and redesign, three types of reflection: prospective, situational, retrospective, the universal competences of a teacher: cognition skills, interaction skills, self skills. The study about the features of students’ professional reflection was carried out in 2021 during the period of the Olympiad “I am a professional” in the framework of three stages: planning/design, self-assessment/reflection, delayed group reflection. The sample included 261 students from universities in Moscow and other Russian regions, and 78 independent experts among acting school teachers. The methods of questioning (oral and written), content analysis, case studies, focus groups, video analysis, observation were used. As a result, the following features of students’ reflection were revealed, such as: the contradictory nature of goal-setting and the determination of the necessary conditions and means when planning a lesson; the tendency to overestimate their professional strengths and not notice insufficiently formed competencies; the tendency to give exaggerated importance to the technical aspects; misunderstanding of the professional pedagogical language against the background of an intuitively adequate understanding of many pedagogical and psychological phenomena, etc. From a practical point of view, the results obtained make it possible to identify the area of professional deficiencies of pre-service teachers and set the focus for a closer examination and more thorough extensive study of evaluative, critical and other complex thinking skills, which provide a thorough professional reflection. In this regard, reflective-analytical and reflective-design work formats become significant both in the educational process and in the practical training of pre-service teachers.
The development of THz technology and communication systems is creating demand for devices that can modulate THz beams rapidly. Here we report the design and characterisation of high-performance, ...broadband THz modulators based on the photo-induced transparency of carbon nanotube films. Rather than operating in the standard modulation mode, where optical excitation lowers transmission, this new class of modulators exhibits an inverted modulation mode with an enhanced transmission. Under femtosecond pulsed illumination, modulation depths reaching +80% were obtained simultaneously with modulation speeds of 340 GHz. The influence of the film thickness on the insertion loss, modulation speed and modulation depth was explored over a frequency range from 400 GHz to 2.6 THz. The excellent modulation depth and high modulation speed demonstrated the significant potential of carbon nanotube thin films for ultrafast THz modulators.
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The goal of the P349 experiment is to test whether the antiproton production process can be itself a source of antiproton polarization. In this article, we present the motivation and details of the ...performed measurement. We report on the status of the analysis focusing mainly on calibration of the drift chambers and 3d track reconstruction.
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Introduction
. The development of professional reflection is determined by the nature of the activity in relation to which it is carried out. At the same time, teacher professional reflection is an ...effective resource for the development of educational activities. At the present stage, there is a wide variety of education models. Each educational model is characterised by its special values; reflection has its own special meaning, purpose, and result in a specific educational model.
Aim
. The current research aims to present the authors’ model for studying the features of teacher professional reflection; to discuss the results of testing this research model, which made it possible to draw a number of conclusions about the presence and nature of the relationship between the level of teacher professional reflection and their personal and professional values.
Methodology and research methods
. The present research is based on the activity approach, theoretical provisions on the structure and functions of reflection of activity, the meaning of reflection in various models of education, the types of professional pedagogical reflection. The research model is developed through the questionnaire method and the case method. The study involved primary and secondary school teachers of three educational complexes in Moscow (N = 63).
Results
. It has been established that the values of the life and professional plan of the subjects are consistent with each other, and professional actions are generally not related to the declared professional values. The authors confirmed the hypothesis that the reflection of positional type has a significant positive relationship between the degree of congruence between the values declared in the survey and those manifested in solving problematic professional situations and the level of development of reflection of these types.
Scientific novelty
lies in the development of a model for studying the features of professional reflection associated with the personal and professional values of the teacher. The results obtained in the course of its approbation can serve as a basis for understanding the mechanisms for the development of professional reflection of teachers in various models of education.
Practical significance
. The developed methodology for studying the features of professional reflection of teachers can be used for the further creation of the set of tools for self-assessment and the development of professional pedagogical competence, the core of which is pedagogical reflection.
Abstract Intraband linear and nonlinear optical absorption in a strongly oblate lens-shaped Ge/Si quantum dot in the presence of an axial magnetic field was theoretically studied. Quantum transitions ...are considered in the heavy hole subband, when the scalar effective mass approximation is correct. The linear and nonlinear absorption coefficients, refractive index changes and the second harmonic generation coefficient were determined. The influence of the effects of temperature, size quantization and magnetic field on the behavior of the above parameters was revealed.
Moving the fiber laser emission to the region below one micron may provide a cheaper, more compact and robust alternatives to the existing solid state lasers. Here, for the first time we report a ...neodymium mode-locked fiber laser emitting at 905 nm in the all-fiber polarization maintaining configuration. We obtain a self-starting pulse generation in nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM) cavity configuration. To suppress a dominant emission at 1064 nm corresponding to a 4-level laser scheme, we use an active fiber - 920/1064 division multiplexer - active fiber sandwich-like sequence in the NALM loop. A rectangular shape dissipative soliton had nJ energy, 30 pm spectral width and 80 ÷ 430 ps width linearly depending on the pump power. Excellent agreement with numerical simulation allowed us to recover pulse shape and width for the pulses out of autocorrelation window.
Objectives
To investigate the biological diversity of the late Bronze and Iron Age populations in the Armenian Highland by nonmetric cranial traits, evaluate the genetic continuity in the development ...of the modern Armenian gene pool, and compare the results obtained with genetic data.
Materials and methods
Twenty‐eight nonmetric cranial traits were scored on 498 adult crania from different late Bronze and Iron Age cemeteries, as well as from modern Armenians and other European populations. We carried out a biodistance analysis between populations using the mean measure of divergence (MMD) statistics, tested the spatial–temporal model of population structure, and assessed the diversity within the late Bronze and early Iron Ages by using the values of variability index (Fst).
Results
The biodistance analysis revealed a close relationship among different ancient Armenian populations and between the average frequencies of the three sequential periods (late Bronze Age, early Iron Age I and II) and modern Armenians. A gradual increase of variability (Fst) within the three successive periods was observed.
Discussion
The analysis of nonmetric trait data reflects deep roots and continuity in the formation of the Armenian population. Since at least the Late Bronze Age, owing to permanent isolation, no significant changes have occurred in the Armenian gene pool. An increase in variability over the successive periods reflects the process of population differentiation from a single gene pool while maintaining average trait frequencies. The congruence of the results obtained with the genetic data confirms, once more, the possibility of using nonmetric cranial traits as a proxy for genetic markers.
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