Avian influenza (AI) viruses pose a risk to the worldwide poultry industry, and the H9N2 AI virus has a profound immunosuppressive effect. The utilization of natural substances as immunostimulants is ...part of a global initiative to control AI viruses. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine if varying doses of the cyanobacterium Spirulina extract combined with the H9N2 vaccine would produce a greater immunological response. Thus, a total of 150 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were allocated into six groups, 25 birds each, as follow: G1, G2, and G6 were supplemented with 200, 400, and 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed, respectively, whilst the feed in G3, G4, and G5 were not supplemented with Spirulina extract. At 21 days old, only the chickens in G1, G2, and G3 were vaccinated with the H9N2 AI vaccine. After four weeks post-vaccination, the chickens in G1, G2, G3, G4, and G6 were challenged with H9N2 AI Egyptian strain. The challenged virus was selected from a recent circulating Egyptian strain during 2022, and it was related to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus lineage and clustered with sub-lineage EGY-2. It had a high identity percentage of 92.6% with the A/chicken/Iran/av1221/1998 (Boehringer Ingelheim) vaccine. The results of reverse transcriptase real-time- polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) revealed that no shedding of the virus was reported only in G1, G2, G3, and G5. However, chickens in Group 6 that were not vaccinated but were fed 400 mg of Spirulina extract/kg of feed only reduced but did not prevent virus shedding, as was the case in G1, and G2. The supplementation of Spirulina extract in low (200 mg/kg of feed) and high (400 mg/kg of feed) concentration with the birds vaccinated with H9N2 AI vaccine (G1 and G2) induced prominent immuno-stimulatory effect in a dose dependent manner where it strongly enhanced the phagocytic percent of broilers' peripheral blood monocytes, phagocytic index, and lysozyme at all days post vaccination (dpv) and days post challenge (dpc) compared to other groups with significant differences at 21st dpv, 28th dpv, 7th dpc,and 14th dpc, respectively. The supplementation with Spirulina extract in G1 and G2 induced the highest hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer in a dose-dependent manner at all time intervals. The antibody titer post-vaccination was significantly increased in G1 and G2 at 14th, and 21st dpv, respectively in comparison with G3. Furthermore, G1 and G2 showed higher significant antibody titers at 7th and 14th dpc, respectively compared to G3, G4 and G6. Furthermore, Spirulina extract (200 and 400 mg/kg feed) in G1 and G2 showed anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating nitric oxide levels at all times post-challenge with a significant difference at 3-7 days post-challenge compared to other groups, with improved histopathological alterations in the trachea, lung, kidney, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. In conclusion, vaccination in conjunction with either dose of Spirulina extract (G1, and G2) prevents viral shedding, increases the immune response, and reduces inflammation and histopathological change caused by H9N2 AI infection in dose dependent manner. We recommend the use of 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed as a natural immunostimulant in conjunction with the H9N2 vaccine to achieve the highest possible level of protection against H9N2 AI infection.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Plasma gelsolin (pGSN) correlates with clinical improvement in septic patients. We aimed to investigate pGSN levels as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of neonatal late-onset-sepsis (LOS). A ...case-control study was done on 184 neonates (92 with LOS and 92 controls). All participants were subjected to detailed history taking, full clinical evaluation, sepsis workup, and pGSN enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay measurement. We detected significantly lower pGSN level among cases compared to controls (90.63 ± 20.64 vs 451.83 ± 209.59). It was significantly related to the severity of sepsis and mortality, with significantly lower values among cases with septic shock and multiorgan failure and non-survivors. Follow-up pGSN significantly increased after sepsis improvement in survivors compared to admission values. pGSN might be a reliable diagnostic and prognostic marker for LOS.
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is an immunosuppressive viral disease causing high economic losses in poultry industry. In this study, 20 farms were represented for a prevalence study of the ...disease in Ismailia governorate, Egypt.ON532690.1 and ON532691.1 Isolates from bone marrow, thymus loops, liver, and spleen of broiler farms exhibiting some clinical and postmortem signs were used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. RT-PCR was used to amplify a 418bp product of the CIAV VP1 gene. Three farms out of 20 (15%) were positive. Phylogenetic tree of partial vp1 amino acids were classified into three groups according to change in H/22/N-Q amino acid indicated that there are three CIAV different strains circulating in Egypt. Hematological investigation revealed significant decrease in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume declared normocytic normochromic anemia.The immunological studies revealed a significant decrease in serum lysozyme, nitric oxide (NO), antioxidants (CAT and GSH), total protein,and in the majority of serum protein fractions in infected chickens (G2) compared to apparently healthy (G1) while there were marked increase in G2 than G1 in A: Gratio. This result guides to review the vaccination programs against CIAV in Egypt forimproving the immune response against the infection.
The present study aimed to improve the potency of inactivated Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) vaccine using chitosan (CS) or chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) as adjuvants. Chitosan nanoparticles were ...prepared by ionic gelation method. Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) inactivated antigen was loaded on CS and CNP to form two vaccine formulations, RVFV-chitosan nanoparticles based vaccine (RVFV-CNP) and RVFV chitosan based vaccine (RVFV-CS). Five groups of mice were used in this study, each group was injected with one of the following: phosphate buffer saline (group1 G1), RVFV-CNP (G2), (RVF-CS) (G3), RVFV-Alum based vaccine (RVFV-Alum) (G4) and adjuvant free RVFV inactivated antigen (RVFV-Ag) (G5). The immunization was performed twice with 2 weeks interval. The results showed that, RVFV-CNP vaccine enhanced strongly the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophage (PM), neutralization antibodies titer against RVFV and IgG values against RVFV nucleoprotein than other vaccine formulations did. In addition, the RVFV-CNP and RVF-CS vaccines upregulate the gene expression of IL-2, IFN
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γ (which promote cell mediated immunity) and IL-4 (which promote humeral immunity), while RVFV-Alum vaccine upregulate the gene expression of IL-4 only. These findings indicated that CS and CNP were comparable to the alum as adjuvant in efficacy but superior to it in inducing cell-mediated immune response and might be a candidate adjuvant for inactivated RVFV vaccine.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
To detect eNOS gene polymorphism and its relation to cardiovascular complications in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors.
CBC, renal and liver function tests, lipid profile, ...Carotid artery Intima Media Thickness (CIMT), and Brachial artery Intima Media Thickness (BIMT). eNOS gene polymorphism was done in 40 childhood ALL survivors and 40 controls.
There was no significant difference between survivors and control groups regarding 786 T/C polymorphism. There was a significant increase in serum cholesterol, TGs, LDL, VLDL, and HbA1c in the TC and CC group more than in the TT group, while there was a significant decrease in serum HDL in the TC and CC group more than in the TT group. There was no significant difference as regards echocardiography findings between different polymorphisms of 786 T/C, but there was a significant difference between 786 T/C groups with regard to the carotid and brachial arteries intima media thickness (IMT) measurements being significantly higher in the TC and CC group more than in the TT group.
Carotid and brachial arteries intima media thickness measurements were higher in the survivors when compared to healthy controls. eNOS gene polymorphism may play a role in modifying or developing CVD in pediatric ALL survivors.
Phototherapy is generally considered a very safe and well-tolerated treatment for hyperbilirubinaemia. However, clinical users should be aware of the unwanted effects of using phototherapy. Affection ...of neonatal immune system due to phototherapy has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phototherapy on level of CD4+, CD8+ and natural killer (NK) (CD16+ & CD65+) lymphocytes subsets in neonates. The number of these lymphocytes was measured 72 hrs after phototherapy exposure in 30 full term neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia and compared to those of 25 healthy controls using flow cytometry. Results showed non-significant changes of the tested lymphocyte subsets after 72 hrs exposure to phototherapy. In conclusion, phototherapy has no significant effect on the level of circulating CD4+, CD8+ and NK lymphocytes.
In the last few years, inorganic nanosystems, or nanometals, were of great interest to conventional therapy. In this study, Copper Chitosan Nanocomposite (CuCNP) was monitored for its antiviral, ...immune-stimulant, and lowering agent of Cu residue roles by using Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) as a model. CuCNP is a metallic oxide nanocomposite with specific properties, such as sphere shape, no aggregation, and narrow size distribution 24.71±1.68 nm PdI: 0.691±0.02. We grouped 100 broiler chicks into four groups. Group 1 served as a regular negative control group. In drinking water, G2 was treated with CuCNP 1 mg/ml for five days. The G3 was infected with 0.2 ml I/M of CAV strain (MN339532) at one day old with CuCNP 1 mg/ml in drinking water for five days. G4 virus-positive control group with viral 3.987×106 virus copies/ml. Different serum and organ tissue homogenate samples were collected at different time intervals to measure residues, CAV viral concentration in organs, and serum to monitor cellular and humoral immunity. The excellent results of CuCNP are improving the innate immune response phagocytic activity, lysozyme, and NO, also cytokine levels mRNA of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 in G2 and G3 and elevating CAV antibody titers with decreases the CAV viral load in organs with a noticeable decrease of its residues in G2 and G3. The current study provides evidence of the immunostimulatory effect of CuCNP on CAV infection. It clarifies a constant reduction of CuCNP residues in broilers muscle and liver tissues, keeping its levels below Cu maximum residual limits (MRLs).
ABSTRACT Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 and Clostridium perfringens type A cause infections in rabbit. Vaccines are considered an effective strategy for fighting these infections. Nowadays, the ...demand for using a nanoparticle adjuvant as (Montanide™ IMS) is increased due to its ability for enhancing both humoral and cell mediated immunity and, in addition, it can be administrated through different routes. An inactivated vaccine against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 and Clostridium perfringens type A which adjuvanted by Montanide™ IMS 1313 N VG PR (IMS 1313) was developed. The prepared vaccine was evaluated in rabbits for sterility, safety and potency via two different routes of vaccination. Oral administration of inactivated vaccine was evaluated as an alternative route to subcutaneous vaccination. The results revealed that rabbits vaccinated by subcutaneous route exhibited satisfactory antibody and antitoxin titer against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 and Clostridium perfringens type A, respectively, from 2nd week post vaccination and reached the peak at 3th week post vaccination. On the other hand, antibody and antitoxin titer of orally vaccinated rabbits didn't reach the satisfactory level. Rabbits vaccinated orally were not protected against virulent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2, with 30% protection, while rabbits vaccinated subcutaneously showed satisfactory protection (90%). Serum nitric oxide and lysozyme activity had significant differences between vaccinated and control rabbits. The level of nitric oxide and lysozyme in sera of subcutaneously vaccinated rabbits was higher than that of orally vaccinated rabbits. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ were determined in the spleen of vaccinated rabbits, significant differences were obtained between subcutaneously and orally vaccinated rabbits. It was concluded that the combined vaccine is potent when inoculated by subcutaneous route in contrast to the oral route. The Montanide™ IMS 1313 adjuvant is a product that can be used for rabbit vaccine preparation.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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