Abstract
Among the rechargeable batteries, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (
ZIBs
), due to their safety, low cost, eco-friendly, and simplicity in construction, have received much attentions. One of the ...most critical parts of the battery technology is the electrolyte additives, which have been less studied against their essential roles. To develop the quality of these batteries, specific parameters such as economics, easy design, significant time duration, high electrical discharge, fast charge/discharge rate, acceptable power/ energy density, and acceptable cycle efficiency are essential. In this report, is focused on the aqueous solution of some white crystalline organic acids as novel electrolyte additives such as succinic, tartaric, citric, maleic, and/or acetic acids as battery over-voltage reducing agents to modify the electrical performance of the ZIBs. For instance, significant characteristics of tartaric acid as specially selected electrolyte additive to the ZIBs, exhibit an excellent capacity up to 374 mAh g
−1
with acceptable rate capability and high-capacity retention as large as 91.0% after 7200 cycles. To investigate the battery behavior and propose the probable mechanism behind this phenomenon, some analytical methods are utilized.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Background
The use of combinations of α2‐adrenergic agonists and opioids has been published as providing superior sedation than either drug alone.
Objectives
The present study aimed to ...compare the sedative and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) administration of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with methadone, morphine, tramadol or pethidine in miniature donkeys.
Study design
Experimental, crossover Latin square, randomised, blinded study.
Methods
Twelve clinically healthy miniature donkeys with a mean age of 6 ± 2 (mean ± SD) years, weight of 94 ± 5 kg and height at withers of 0.80 ± 0.06 m were assigned to six IV treatments. They received either 0.9% saline, 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone, 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.1 mg/kg morphine, 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 2 mg/kg tramadol or 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 1 mg/kg pethidine, with a washout period of 8 days. The degree of sedation was investigated using a numerical ranking scale of 0–3. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and intestinal motility were performed before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 min after drug administration.
Results
Animals in dexmedetomidine or dexmedetomidine/opioid treatments were sedated for 5–60 min. Sedation was significantly higher in dexmedetomidine/opioid treatments than in dexmedetomidine at 15–30 min (p < 0.05). In all treatments, HR and RR significantly decreased from baseline at 5–75 and 30–60 min, respectively (p < 0.05). Intestinal motility was decreased in dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine/opioid treatments at 5–60 and 5–90 min, respectively. Compared to dexmedetomidine, intestinal motility was significantly lower in dexmedetomidine/opioid treatments at 75–90 min.
Main limitations
Assessment of only HR and RR are inadequate to describe the cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine/opioids.
Conclusions
The use of combinations of dexmedetomidine/opioids would be considered for superior sedation for 15–30 min after administration in miniature donkeys. No significant differences were detected between opioids in combination with dexmedetomidine in miniature donkeys.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a fundamental role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Helicobacter pylori (HP) induces EMT and thus causes gastric cancer (GC) by ...deregulating multiple signaling pathways involved in EMT. TWIST1 and MAML1 have been confirmed to be critical inducers of EMT via diverse signaling pathways such as Notch signaling. This study aimed to investigate for the first time possible associations between TWIST1/MAML1 mRNA expression levels, HP infection, and clinicopathological characteristics in GC patients.
TWIST1 and MAML1 mRNA expression levels were evaluated in tumoral and adjacent normal tissues in 73 GC patients using the quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) method. PCR technique was also applied to examine the infection with HP in GC samples.
Upregulation of TWIST1 and MAML1 expression was observed in 35 (48%) and 34 (46.6%) of 73 tumor samples, respectively. Co-overexpression of these genes was found in 26 of 73 (35.6%) tumor samples; meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation between MAML1 and TWIST1 mRNA expression levels (P < 0.001). MAML1 overexpression exhibited meaningful associations with advanced tumor stages (P = 0.006) and nodal metastases (P ˂ 0.001). 34 of 73 (46.6%) tumors tested positive for HP, and meanwhile, MAML1 expression was positively related with T (P = 0.05) and grade (P = 0.0001) in these HP-positive samples. Increased TWIST1 expression was correlated with patient sex (P = 0.035) and advanced tumor grade (P = 0.017) in HP-infected tumors. Furthermore, TWIST1 and MAML1 expression levels were inversely linked with histologic grade in HP-negative tumor samples (P = 0.021 and P = 0.048, respectively).
We propose TWIST1 and MAML1 as potential biomarkers of advanced-stage GC that determine the characteristics and aggressiveness of the disease. Based on accumulating evidence and our findings, they can be introduced as promising therapeutic targets to modify functional abnormalities in cells that promote GC progression. Moreover, HP may enhance GC growth and metastasis by disrupting TWIS1/MAML1 expression patterns and related pathways.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Scrophularia striata, it is used to heal wounds. Today, hydrogel based on alginate-polyethylene glycol polymer is mainly used due to its ...drug delivery properties and create of suitable conditions for wound healing. In this study, we tried to investigate the effect of hydrogel based on alginate-polyethylene glycol polymer containing Scrophularia striata extract nanoliposomes on wound healing in rat animal models. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used to examine nanoliposome and hydrogel. 126 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (18 rats/group). The rats were anesthetized and their dorsum shaved, a burn wound was created with a cylindrical copper at 100° C. Rats' wounds were treated with hydrogel Scrophularia striata extract and on the 5th, 10th, and 15th days, histopathological evaluation, macroscopic features and wound healing were evaluated and analyzed in different groups. The structure of nanoliposomes was uniform and the size was 80-110 nm. Also, the size of the hydrogel was 320 nm with nanometric size and spherical morphology. Histopathological evaluation, wound area and wound contraction confirmed that the treatment group had a significant difference from other groups and the effect was almost similar to that of zinc oxide. This study showed that alginate-polyethylene glycol polymer containing Scrophularia striata extract caused wound contraction, and reduced wound area, and can be used for wound healing.
Gastric cancer (GC) is regarded as the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mechanism of GC pathogenesis is still unclear and relies on multiple factors, ...including environmental and genetic characteristics. One of the most important environmental factors of GC occurrence is infection with Helicobacter pylori that is classified as class one carcinogens. Dysregulation of several genes and pathways play an essential role during gastric carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hedgehog signaling, Hippo pathway, Notch signaling, nuclear factor-kB, and epidermal growth factor receptor have been found in GC. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as an important process during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis, is supposed to play a role in initiation, invasion, metastasis, and progression of GC. Although surgery is the main therapeutic modality of the disease, the understanding of biological processes of cell signaling pathways may help to develop new therapeutic targets for GC.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the wound healing effects of liposome nanocarrier containing Scrophularia striata extract. Seventy-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 groups ...of 12 animals each. Rats were anesthetized, and dorsum shaved. A 100 g cylindrical copper rod of 1cm diameter was heated up to 100° C. It was placed on the skin without any pressure. Histopathological evaluation and the macroscopic size processing and analysis of the burn were employed to study the potential of wound healing in study groups. The study groups were: positive control group (zinc oxide treatment), treatment group (ointment containing nanoliposomes loaded with extract Scrophularia striata), extract group (ointment containing hydroalcoholic extract Scrophularia striata), control group of nanoliposomes (ointment containing Nano liposomes), Eucerin control group (ointment containing Eucerin), negative control group (no treatment). On the 5th, 10th, and 15th days after the initial operation, samples were taken from 4 rats of each group. The results showed that loaded nanoliposomes had a nanometric size and spherical morphology. Also, the wound size of the treatment group was smaller than other groups and had the best effect on repairing wound healing. Also, in other groups, positive control had a better effect on wound repair than extract, Eucerin, nano, and negative groups. According to the highest re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and the lowest necrotic tissue, we could suggest that the treatment group had the best healing effect among other groups.
Background
Many α2‐agonists are commonly used for sedation and analgesia in ruminants.
Introduction
The present study aims to compare the sedative and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) ...administration of xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in goats.
Methods
Ten healthy goats aged 6 ± 1 months and weighing 15 ± 2 kg were used in experimental, crossover Latin square, randomised and blinded study. Animals were assigned to five IV treatments: control (normal saline); xylazine (100 μg kg−1); detomidine (50 μg kg−1); medetomidine (20 μg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1). The degree of sedation was investigated using a numerical ranking scale of 0–10. Sedation scores were compared at each time using nonparametric (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U) tests.
Results
Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), ruminal motility and capillary refill time (CRT) were performed before (baseline) and after drug administration. Animals in α2‐adrenergic agonist treatments were sedated at 5–60 min. There were no significant differences among α2‐adrenergic agonist treatments at 5–60 min in sedation scores. HR significantly decreased from baseline 5–90 min after α2‐adrenergic agonists’ administration. Ruminal motility was decreased in α2‐adrenergic agonist treatments at 5, 90 and 120 min and absent at 10–60 min. A significant decrease from baseline in RR was detected between 30 and 90 min after α2‐adrenergic agonists’ administration. RT was unchanged in any treatment for 120 min. CRT was less than 2 s at all time points following each treatment.
Conclusions
The duration of sedation was up to 60 min after IV administration of xylazine (100 μg kg−1), detomidine (50 μg kg−1), medetomidine (20 μg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1) in goats in this study. No significant differences were detected between xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in goats.
The duration of sedation was up to 60 minutes after IV administration of xylazine (100 μg kg−1), detomidine (50 μg kg−1), medetomidine (20 μg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1) in goats. No significant differences were detected between xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in goats.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Gastric cancer (GC) is regarded as the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mechanism of GC pathogenesis is still unclear and relies on multiple factors, ...including environmental and genetic characteristics. One of the most important environmental factors of GC occurrence is infection with
Helicobacter pylori
that is classified as class one carcinogens. Dysregulation of several genes and pathways play an essential role during gastric carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hedgehog signaling, Hippo pathway, Notch signaling, nuclear factor-kB, and epidermal growth factor receptor have been found in GC. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as an important process during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis, is supposed to play a role in initiation, invasion, metastasis, and progression of GC. Although surgery is the main therapeutic modality of the disease, the understanding of biological processes of cell signaling pathways may help to develop new therapeutic targets for GC.
•Duration of perineal analgesia and ataxia were longer in lidocaine and/or α2-adrenergic agonist groups than in lidocaine group.•Sedation was greater in lidocaine and/or α2-adrenergic agonist groups ...than in lidocaine group at 45–75 minutes after drug administration.•There were no significant differences among lidocaine and/or α2-adrenergic agonist groups in sedation score and duration of perineal analgesia and ataxia.
The present study aimed to compare the sedative and analgesic effects of caudal epidural administration of lidocaine alone or in combination with four different α2-adrenergic agonists in Mediterranean miniature donkeys. A total of ten clinically healthy (five males and five females) Mediterranean miniature donkeys with an age of 5 ± 1 years, a weight of 100 ± 2 kg and a height at the withers of 0.8 ± 0.06 m (mean ± standard deviation) were used in experimental, crossover (Latin square), randomized, and blinded study. Animals were assigned to five treatment groups including lidocaine alone (0.22 mg kg−1), or associated with one among xylazine (0.17 mg kg−1), detomidine (30 μg kg−1), medetomidine (15 μg kg−1), dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1) with a minimum washout period of 8 days between treatments. The degree of sedation was investigated using a simple descriptive scale of 0–3. Sedation scores were compared at each time using nonparametric (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U) tests. Analgesia was assessed by pinprick test. Sedation was greater in lidocaine and/or α2-adrenergic agonist groups than in lidocaine group at 45–75 minutes after drug administration (P < .05). There were no significant differences among groups in time to onset of analgesia and ataxia and also in number of animals with complete perineal analgesia and ataxia. Duration of analgesia and ataxia were longer in lidocaine and/or α2-adrenergic agonist groups than in lidocaine (P < .05). There were no significant differences among lidocaine and/or α2-adrenergic agonist groups in sedation score and duration of analgesia and ataxia. No significant differences were observed in heart and respiratory rate and also rectal temperature at any time points between groups and within groups. Caudal epidural administration of α2- adrenergic agonists associated with lidocaine resulted in sedative effects on Mediterranean miniature donkeys, while lidocaine alone did not induce sedation. These drugs associations should be considered when superior analgesia is advocated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The present study aims to compare the changes of cardiovascular biomarkers and antioxidants during sedation by xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in goats. This is experimental, ...crossover Latin square, randomized, blinded study. A total of 10 healthy (5 males and 5 females) goats aged 6 ± 1 months and weighing 15 ± 2 kg were used. Animals were assigned to five intravenous (IV) treatments: control (normal saline, 5 mL); XYL, xylazine (100 μg kg
−1
); DET, detomidine (50 μg kg
−1
); MED, medetomidine (20 μg kg
−1
); and DEX, dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg
−1
). Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), homocysteine (Hcy), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured before (baseline), 2 h (T2), and 24 h (T24) after drug administration. cTnI was significantly higher in treatments α
2
-adrenergic agonists than control at T24. There were no significant differences in cTnI between different α
2
-adrenergic agonists at all-time points. No significant differences were observed in Hcy, LDH, CK-MB, SOD, and GPx at different times in each treatment or between treatments. In conclusion, IV administration of xylazine (100 μg kg
−1
), detomidine (50 μg kg
−1
), medetomidine (20 μg kg
−1
), and dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg
−
) showed cardiac side effects after 24 h in goats. These results suggest that usage of α
2
-adrenergic agonists in goats should be administered with caution, especially in goats with cardiovascular problems.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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