•There were no significant differences in time to onset of tail paralysis and perineal anti-nociception.•Duration of perineal anti-nociception of dromedary calves receiving lidocaine/detomidine was ...significantly higher.•Dromedary calves receiving lidocaine/detomidine were observed to have long-lasting and reliable sedation.
The present study aims to comparatively evaluate the effects of sacro-coccygeal epidural detomidine, lidocaine and lidocaine/detomidine on sedation and anti-nociception in dromedary calves. This is experimental, prospective, crossover (Latin square), randomized and blinded study. A total of ten clinically healthy male dromedary calves with the age of 15 ± 2 weeks and weight of 125 ± 5.5 kg were assigned to five treatments groups (4 experimental and one control group). Calves in groups D25 and D50 received a low (25 μg kg−1) and high (50 μg kg−1) dose of detomidine, respectively. Groups LID and LD50 received lidocaine (0.22 mg kg−1) and lidocaine/detomidine (0.22 mg kg-1 / 50 μg kg−1), respectively. Calves in the control group received normal saline. Correct spinal needle (18-gauge, 3.7 cm) insertion in the epidural space was confirmed by hanging drop method and loss of resistance to the drug injection. Superficial pain was test by pinprick method. There were no significant differences in time to onset of tail paralysis and perineal anti-nociception among LID, D50 and LD50 groups. Calves receiving epidural lidocaine/detomidine were observed to have long-lasting and reliable sedation and perineal anti-nociception (median = 75, ranges = 60–90 min) in comparison with other studied groups. There were no significant differences in time to onset of ataxia among LID, D50 and LD50 groups. Sacro-coccygeal epidural administration of lidocaine/detomidine could be use for long-duration and manipulative procedures in perineal region of dromedary calves.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study was conducted in 16 healthy immature dromedary camels weighing 120-150 kg to evaluate and compare the effects of epidural and intramuscular injections of xylazine administered at 0.1 mg/kg ...and 0.2 mg/kg. Haematological parameters included haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count. Biochemical parameters included alkaline phosphates, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and glucose. Parameters were measured at different intervals before (baseline) and after the administration of drugs. Our study showed that the effect of xylazine on haematological and biochemical parameters is dose-dependant and is also related to the route of administration. The low dose of xylazine administered using both intramuscular and epidural methods showed minimal effects, whereas high doses of the drug, especially when injected intramuscularly, caused greater changes in haematological and biochemical parameters.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous administration of synthetic eugenol (EG) for disbudding of goat kids, as a new chemical method. Thirty apparently healthy Raieni ...(Cashmere) goat kids (five-day-old) were divided randomly into six groups (n = 5). In the pathology (P) groups (P
, P
and P
according to the sample collection day after injection) an amount of 0.10 mL of EG was subcutaneously administrated in both horn buds. In the disbudding 1 and 2 (DB
, DB
) groups, 0.10 mL of EG, and in the control (C) group 0.10 mL normal saline was subcutaneously injected in the right horn buds, respectively. Eugenol injection in DB
group was done in twelve-day-old goat kids. The left horn buds of DB
, DB
and C groups were considered as control of horn outgrowing. The horn buds, kidneys, liver, lung, brain and heart, tissue specimens were collected from P
and P
groups, and bud skin samples were collected from P
group. The results showed that the EG was able to stop the horn growth in the first week of goat life. There was no significant difference between left and right horn size in the C group. Histopathological study revealed complete necrosis of bud tissue in dermal and epidermal layers, in P
animals. Healing and re-epithelialization were seen in the samples taken from P
group. Subcutaneous injection of the synthetic EG can be considered as a new method for goat kids disbudding.
This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of injection of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata in the kid horn buds, as a new chemical technique for disbudding. Five-day-old healthy goat ...kids from both sexes (n = 16) were divided randomly into 4 equal groups. In groups 1, 2 and 3, 0.2 mL of clove essence and in group 4 (control) 0.2 mL of normal saline was injected into the left horn bud of goat kids. Right horn bud in all kids was considered to ensure that they are horned. During the study, the rate of horn growth were evaluated in determined time intervals between groups 1 and 4. Tissue samples were taken from right and left horn bud in groups 2 and 3, at five and ten days after clove essence injection, for microscopic study. The results of the study showed that the clove essence stopped horn growth, whereas there was no significant difference in horn growth rate between left and right horns after injection of normal saline, in group 4. Histopathological study showed that injection of clove essence caused complete necrosis of epidermis and underlying dermis with collagenolysis in horn bud tissues, 5 days after injection and then progress in healing process was observed after 10 days. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the injection of clove essence is an effective method to stop horn growth without any undesirable effects on clinical parameters in goat kids.
The present study aims to comparatively evaluate the effects of caudal epidural detomidine, lidocaine, and lidocaine/detomidine on hematobiochemical parameters in dromedary calf camels. A total of ...ten male dromedary calf camels (
Camelus dromedarius
) with the age of 20 ± 2 weeks and weight of 85 ± 5.5 kg were used for the study. The animals were enrolled to five groups (4 experimental and 1 control group) in a randomized, crossover Latin square design, with a minimum washout period of 7 days between treatments. Calves in groups DL and DH received epidural low (25 μg kg
−1
) and high (50 μg kg
−1
) dose of detomidine, respectively. Groups L and L/D received epidural lidocaine (0.22 mg kg
−1
) and lidocaine/detomidine (0.22 mg kg
−1
/50 μg kg
−1
), respectively. Calves in the control group were assigned to receive epidural normal saline. Correct spinal needle (18-gauge, 3.7 cm) insertion in the epidural space was confirmed by hanging drop method and loss of resistance to the drug injection. Blood samples were collected at T0 (baseline), T2, and T24 hours and were divided into two parts: one for hematological evaluation and the other one for serological analyses. Sera were analyzed for sodium (Na
+
), potassium (K
+
), calcium (Ca
2+
), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose (Glu), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests was used to compare mean values of hematobiochemical indices at similar times among different groups of studies. Except for packed cell volume (PCV), all hematological parameters showed no statistically significant changes during our experiment. At T24, PCV value decreased significantly in DH and L/D groups, compared with DL, L, and control groups (
p
≤ 0.001). Serum concentrations of biochemical variables including Na
+
, Ca
2+
, ALT, AST, Cr, and BUN were not significantly different among all groups during the experiment (
p
> 0.05). At T24 hours, serum concentrations of K
+
and Glu showed a significant increase in DH and L/D groups, compared with other studies groups (
p
< 0.05). Therefore, epidural high dose detomidine in combination with lidocaine is not recommended for calf camels suffering from conditions including hematological, metabolic, acid-base, and electrolyte problems.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this study, second-intention healing of limb wounds was studied in donkeys and Caspian miniature horses. Full-thickness, rectangular (2 × 3 cm) skin wounds were created on the lateral aspect of ...left metacarpi of four donkeys and four Caspian horses. Wound healing process was compared between limb wounds of donkeys and Caspian horses by clinical and geometrical assessments, over a 4-week period. At days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28, digital photographs were taken of all wounds. The area of epithelialization and granulation tissue was measured for each wound using sigma scan software. Percentages of wound contraction, epithelialization, and healing were calculated for each wound. The clinical and geometrical evaluation revealed that there were significant differences in second-intention wound healing patterns between donkeys and Caspian horses. The donkeys limb wound healed much faster and in better condition than the limb wound of the Caspian horses. Based on results of this study, it can be concluded that although Caspian miniature horses and donkeys have same body size, it seems that due to genetic differences, considerable heterogeneity was observed in second-intention wound healing between them.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Objective- This study was performed to investigate the analgesic effects of lidocaine and lidocaine/tramadol combination in epidural anaesthesia in dromedary camels. Design- Experimental Study ...Animals- Eight healthy immature dromedary camels Methods - The camels were randomly designed in 2 equal groups. In group L: lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg) and in group LT: a combination of lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg) and tramadol (1 mg/kg) were injected into the first inter-coccygeal (Co1–Co2) epidural space. Onset time and duration of caudal analgesia, sedation and ataxia levels were recorded after drug administration. Results- Epidural lidocaine and co-administration of lidocaine and tramadol produced complete analgesia in the tail, anus and perineum. There were no significant differences in onset and duration of caudal analgesia parameters between groups L and LT (p>0.05). Epidural administration of the lidocaine– tramadol combination resulted in mild to moderate sedation, whilst the animals that received epidural lidocaine alone were alert and nervous during the study. Ataxia was observed in all test subjects and was slightly more severe in camels that received the lidocaine–tramadol mixture. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- It was concluded that epidural administration of lidocaine plus tramadol resulted in sedation and unnoticeable longer caudal analgesia in standing conscious dromedary camels compared with the effect of administering lidocaine alone.
Objective- To study a method of chemical sterilization and its efficacy in adult male dogs. Design- Experimental study. Animals- Ten healthy adult mixed-breed dogs Procedures- Eugenia caryophyllata ...(EC) essential oil was injected into the dorsal cranial portion of each testicle of five dogs (treatment group). The same volume of normal saline was injected in the same site of testicles in the other five dogs (control group). Results-There were no significant adverse effects and no change in the dog behavior during the study. Histopathological findings showed total necrosis of testicular tissue with fibrosis and hyalinization in seminiferous tubules and interstitial spaces. Infiltration of leucocytes was also observed. The serum concentration of testosterone was decreased significantly in treatment group. There was also no significant change in the serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), total protein (TP) and cortisol level. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- Single intratesticular injection of an appropriate dose of EC can result in sterilization, which is preferable to surgical castration in dog.
This study was designed to evaluate the role of free autologous greater omentum graft in enhancing the healing process in cervical oesophagus surgical wounds. The study was carried out on eight male ...adult dogs, assigned equally into either an experimental or control group. All dogs underwent cervical oesophagotomy and laparotomy operations simultaneously. A 3-cm linear full thickness incision was made on the cervical oesophagus and then sutured. A small piece of omentum was obtained from the abdominal cavity and secured on the oesophageal suture line in the experiment group. In the control group, the suture line was left without a graft and the isolated omentum disposed. During this study, the dogs were examined clinically and euthanized on day 14. The surgical site on the oesophagus was assessed macroscopically, and then histopathologic samples were taken from the repaired tissue of the oesophageal wall. The samples were stained by haematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences based on clinical and macroscopic examination between the two groups. The microscopic study revealed that cellularity, angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation in the wound bed in the experimental group was significantly more than in the control group. The application of autologous free omental graft can influence cervical oesophagus wound healing through augmentation of angiogenesis, cell infiltration and granulation tissue formation.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Backgroundand Objectives:Production of a model of hepatic failure is used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of alternative methods of liver transplantation. This study aimed to determine the ...appropriate dosage of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce acute hepatic failure in NMRI mice. Methods: In this study, at first, a mixture of CCl4 dissolved in olive oil was administered intraperitoneally to 5 groups of 6 mice. After 24 hours, serum level of liver enzymes and the status of liver tissue were evaluated. To investigate the survival of mice, CCl4 (at doses of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5ml/kg.bw) was administered to 6 new groups of mice, and these animals were monitored for 4 days. To assess the effect of the toxin in the next days, the determined dose was administered to 24 new mice, and serum and histological evaluations were repeated. Results:The serum level of liver enzymes and the degree of hepatic lesions were significantly increased with increased dose of CCl4. Values more than 1ml/kg of CCl4 induced acute liver damage. Also, the value of 1ml/kg decreased mortality rate and values more than 2ml/kg increased mortality rate. Maximum increase in serum levels of liver enzymes was observed 24 hours after injection of CCl4 (at the dose of 1.5ml/kg), which decreased gradually. The degree of liver damage in days after the injection was the same until the fourth day, but the liver regeneration phasewas initiated after 72 hours. Conclusion:According to the results of this study, a single intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 at the dose of 1.5mL/kg CCl4 could be an appropriate dosage for the production of a model of acute hepatic failure in NMRI mouse.
