Objective- This study was performed to investigate the analgesic effects of lidocaine, xylazine and lidocaine/xylazine combination in eye regional anesthesia. Design- Experimental Study. Animals- ...Twenty adult goats were randomly designed in 4 groups. Procedures- In group L: 10 ml mixture of lidocaine 2% (5 mg/kg BW) and normal saline, In group LX: 10 ml mixture of lidocaine 2% (5 mg/kg BW), xylazine 2% (0.05 mg/kg BW) and normal saline, In group X: 10 ml mixture of xylazine 2% (0.05 mg/kg BW) and normal saline and In group C: 10 ml of normal saline were injected into the retrobulbar space of left eyes via four point method. Onset and duration of eyelids analgesia and glob analgesia/akinesia were compared between the groups. The images were studied serially and compared anatomically with two dissected head and intact goat skulls. Results- The results of this study demonstrated that eye regional anesthesia have not been observed in group C. In group X, sedative effect of xylazine without complete loss of eyelids and glob anaesthesia was observed. There was no significant difference in onset of eyelids and glob anaesthesia between groups L and LX (p>0.05). Duration of eye regional anesthesia in group LX was significantly more than group L (p<0.05). The animals in groups X and LX were sedated during the study but in group L the animals were alert and nervous. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- According to results of present study, addition of xylazine to lidocaine for retrobulbar block causes a sedative effect and increased duration of eye regional anesthesia.
Objective- This study was performed to investigate the analgesic effects of lidocaine, xylazine and lidocaine/xylazine combination in epidural anesthesia in dromedary camels.
Design- Experimental ...Study
Animals- Fifteen healthy immature dromedary camels
Methods- The camels were randomly designed in 3 equal groups. In group L: lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg), in group X: xylazine 2% (0.17 mg/kg), and in group LX: a combination of lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg) and xylazine 2% (0.17 mg/kg) were injected into the first intercoccygeal epidural space. Analgesia, sedation, ataxia, and effect on cardiopulmonary, rectal temperature were recorded at different intervals before (baseline) and after the drug administration.
Results- Epidural lidocaine, xylazine and their combination produced analgesia in the tail, anus and perineum. Onset time of perineal analgesia in groups L and LX was significantly shorter than group X. Duration of complete perineal analgesia in group X and LX was significantly longer than group L. Mild to moderate sedation was observed in groups X and LX, whilst the camels in group L were alert and nervous during the study. Ataxia was observed in all test subjects and was more severe in group L and LX. Significant depression in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature values were observed in groups X and LX in some measurement points of the study.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- According to the results of present study, it could be concluded that a combination of lidocaine and xylazine administered epidurally to dromedaries produces an effective, safe, with more rapid onset of longer perineal analgesia, when compared with either agent alone.
In recent years, optical biosensors widely applicable for medical applications, have received much attention. In this paper, we propose a high-performance polarization-insensitive optical biosensor ...based on a graphene-dielectric metasurface. The metasurface consists of an asymmetric dielectric disk array that supports a high Q-factor Fano resonance. The provided sharp Fano resonance results in an enhanced light-matter interaction leading to a highly sensitive biosensor. The proposed structure is analyzed using the finite element method and the corresponding transmission and reflection spectra are calculated. According to the presented results, a sensitivity of as high as 550 nm/RIU, linearity R 2 value of 0.999 with a figure of merit (FOM) more than 378 RIU −1 around the operating wavelength of 1550 nm are obtained. This is the largest FOM ever reported for a polarization-insensitive biosensor. Such a large FOM accompanied by high sensitivity and linearity make our proposed graphene-based biosensor promising for the effective detection of biomolecules like hemoglobin.
Herein, a new intelligent indicator with polylactic acid (PLA)/ polyethylene glycol (PEG)/calcium bentonite (CB) blend and Malva sylvestris, as a source of anthocyanins, was developed, characterized, ...and used for visual freshness monitoring of a variety of proteinous foods. Anthocyanins were incorporated successfully into PLA/PEG/CB with no significant change in the chemical structure of the indicator. The hydrophilic (water contact angle of 43.9°) indicator represented visual color changes from light red (at pH 2) to green (at pH 11). Moreover, PLA/PEG/CB-Malva indicator visually distinguished (ΔE > 5) fresh, medium fresh, and spoiled shrimp and fish roe (during 6 days at 4 °C), but discriminated only fresh and spoiled minced beef and chicken fillets (during 10 days at 4 °C), which were strongly correlated with the total volatile basic nitrogen of food samples. The PLA/PEG/CB-Malva indicator has a satisfying application for monitoring the freshness of various proteinous foods.
This study showed that anthocyanins extracted from Malva Sylvestris can be used efficiently in food smart packaging. The incorporation of anthocyanins into polylactic acid has led to the production of a novel intelligent freshness indicator. The indicator revealed an appropriate response to the spoilage of different proteinous foods with the capacity to differentiate between fresh, medium fresh, and spoiled foods. This capability is an important feature in commercializing freshness indicators.
•A halochromic indicator with polylactic acid and anthocyanins was developed.•The mallow (Malva sylvestris) has been used as a source of anthocyanins.•This indicator was used for monitoring the freshness of minced beef, chicken fillet, shrimp, and fish roe.•It enables consumers to make an affective distinction between fresh and spoiled food.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) utilize cables instead of rigid linkages. Considering the complexity of the cable dynamics and the positive constraint on the cable tension, the precise tracking ...control of CDPRs is highly challenging and of great significance. The positive tension distribution (PTD) for the CDPRs has been conventionally done via redundancy resolution methods which are optimization based in nature. Hence, the unpredictable worst-case computation time of these methods limits their practical applications. Moreover, a performant tracking control traditionally requires an exact knowledge of the cable dynamics which is practically hard to obtain for CDPRs due to their complicated dynamics. To remedy these challenges, we propose a real-time dynamic model-free PTD scheme for the redundant CDPRs. This control structure brings two major benefits to the control of redundant CDPRs. First, the elapsed time of the analytic proposed method is considerably less than that of the iterative literature methods. Second, high-precision tracking accuracy is achieved despite the challenging cable dynamics and the presence of external disturbance. It is owing to the dynamic model-free structure of the controller. Eventually, the performance analysis is assessed through the simulation and experiment, verifying the efficiency of the proposed method.
The relation between of fuzzy subsets and classical mathematics is fundamental to extend of new approchs in applied mathematics. This paper, applies the concept of fuzzy metric on construction of ...fuzzy Hausdorff space and fuzzy manifold space. Based on these concepts, we present a concept of fuzzy metric Hausdorff spaces and fuzzy metric manifold spaces. This study, extends the concept of fuzzy metric space to union and product of fuzzy metric spaces and in this regard investigates the some product of fuzzy metric fuzzy manifold spaces. Valued-level subsets play the main role in the connection of the notation of manifolds and fuzzy metrics.
In cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs), the controller should generate positive output forces, as cables only support tensile forces. In fully constrained CDPRs, positive tension distribution in ...cables is guaranteed using optimization-based techniques, which have unpredictable worst case computation time. Furthermore, the optimization-based methods fail to handle situations where the initial pose of the end-effector is beyond the wrench-feasible workspace (WFW). To address the existing problems, we introduce a new representation of the dynamic model of CDPRs by including cable tension positiveness as an inherent part of the dynamic, using an absolute function. This leads to a nonaffine dynamic model, which is then converted to the affine form, for which a robust super-twisting sliding-mode controller is designed. The stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed via the Lyapunov direct method, where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">H_{\infty }</tex-math></inline-formula> asymptotic stability is proved with parameters derived by solving a linear matrix inequality. The superiority of the proposed method is validated in both simulation and experiment. The analytical nature of the method also allows dramatic improvement in the computation time of the control compared to the optimization-based methods in the literature. In addition, it shows suitable performance at the boundary of the WFW, while conventional methods fail to operate.
Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) are a class of parallel robots where the cables are used as the arms of the robot in a redundant kinematic architecture. Such an architecture allows manipulation ...in a considerably large working area and also operation at high speed and acceleration. However, as cables only support tensile force, the controller should generate positive control effort, which leads to a complex constrained control problem. The positive tension distribution in redundant CDPR is generally maintained via redundancy resolution (RR) methods, which are originally optimization-based. The RR methods are prone to kinematic uncertainty, which brings complexity to the control apart from the original effects of kinematic uncertainty. The constrained control of CDPRs gets more complex in the faulty mode of the actuators. The combined effects of faulty actuators along with the kinematic uncertainty limit the application of RR in practice. To address this, a robust fault-tolerant constrained control scheme is proposed to generate an unidirectional control signal for maintaining positive tension in cables in the presence of actuator fault and model uncertainties, taking advantage of an adaptive finite-time sliding mode control along with a nonlinear adaptive observer. The proposed observer estimates the model uncertainties and the actuator fault, while the controller ensures the convergence of the state variables and compensates for the observer estimation error. The
H
∞
asymptotic stability of the proposed observer is ensured through sufficient conditions using linear matrix inequality. Furthermore, Lyapunov’s second method is employed to prove the finite-time stability of the system. The performance of the proposed scheme is experimentally validated using a planar CDPR in the presence of actuator fault and model uncertainties.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Investigations showed different effects of magnetic fields (MFs) on the immune system. During humoral immune responses, genes of activation-induced deaminase (AID) and B-cell lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6) are ...expressed and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-21 are produced. These factors play significant roles in class switching, affinity maturation of antibodies and activations of B cells germinal centers (GCs). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of 50-Hz MFs exposure with different densities on these factors.
Eighty rats were divided into four exposures and control groups. The treatment groups were exposed to magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 μT (50 Hz, 2 h/d for 60 d). To activation of the immune system, all the animals were immunized with human serum albumin on days 31, 44, and 58 of exposure. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assay the expression levels of AID and Bcl-6 genes in the spleen. The serum levels of IL-6 and IL-21 were also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the pre-and post-immunization phases.
AID expression was significantly declined at 1μT magnetic flux density, while no change was observed in the expression of Bcl-6. Serum IL-6 was increased only in the 500 μT group at the post-immunization phase.
It seems exposure to 50-Hz MFs at 1 μT density, suppresses AID and may cause a decline in class switching and affinity maturation of Abs. On the other hand, exposure to 500 μT, may activate them. These findings demonstrate the various potential effects of MFs on the humoral immune system.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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