Incremental dentine analysis utilizes tissue that does not remodel and that permits comparison, at the same age, of those who survived infancy with those who did not at high temporal resolution. ...Here, we present a pilot study of teeth from a 19th‐century cemetery in London, comparing the merits of two methods of obtaining dentine increments for subsequent isotope determination. Covariation in δ13C and δ15N values suggests that even small variations have a physiological basis. We show that high‐resolution intra‐dentine isotope profiles can pinpoint short‐duration events such as dietary change or nutritional deprivation in the juvenile years of life.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
We report new measurements of millimeter-wave power spectra in the angular multipole range 2000 ≤
ℓ
≤ 11,000 (angular scales
). By adding 95 and 150 GHz data from the low-noise 500 deg
2
...SPTpol survey to the SPT-SZ three-frequency 2540 deg
2
survey, we substantially reduce the uncertainties in these bands. These power spectra include contributions from the primary cosmic microwave background, cosmic infrared background, radio galaxies, and thermal and kinematic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effects. The data favor a thermal SZ (tSZ) power at 143 GHz of
and a kinematic SZ (kSZ) power of
. This is the first measurement of kSZ power at ≥3
σ
. However, different assumptions about the CIB or SZ models can reduce the significance down to 2.4
σ
in the worst case. We study the implications of the measured kSZ power for the epoch of reionization under the Calabrese et al. model for the kSZ power spectrum and find the duration of reionization to be
(
at 95% confidence), when combined with our previously published tSZ bispectrum measurement. The upper limit tightens to
if the assumed homogeneous kSZ power is increased by 25% (∼0.5
μ
K
2
) and relaxes to
if the homogeneous kSZ power is decreased by the same amount.
We use the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) condition with particle and magnetic field observations from Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment and MAG on Juno along the dawn flank of Jupiter's ...magnetosphere. We identify the occurrence of magnetopause crossings that show evidence of being KH (Kelvin‐Helmholtz) unstable. When estimating the k vector to be parallel to the velocity shear, we find that 25 of 62 (40%) magnetopause crossings satisfy the KHI condition. When considering the k vector of the maximum growth rate through a solid angle approach, we find that 60 of 62 (97%) events are KH unstable. This study shows evidence of KH waves at Jupiter's dawn flank, including primary drivers such as high velocity shears and changes in plasma pressure. Signatures of magnetic reconnection were also observed in ∼25% of the KH unstable crossings. We discuss these results and their implication for the prevalence of KHI at Juno's dawn magnetopause as measured by Juno.
Plain Language Summary
The Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability occurs when a boundary separating two fluids of different densities is perturbed and these fluids are moving at different speeds, directions, or both. The difference in speeds across the perturbed boundary that separates the fluids creates wave structures as these fluids diffuse into each other. The Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability may be observed at the boundary that separates a planetary magnetic field (magnetosphere) from the stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun (solar wind); this boundary is known as the magnetopause. This instability is confirmed to occur at Earth and Saturn, but is not confirmed at Jupiter. This study analyzes the properties of the plasma and magnetic field in Jupiter's magnetosphere and the surrounding solar wind to identify signatures of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. We find that out of 62 occurrences where the Juno spacecraft crosses the magnetopause, 25 events signify that the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability is possible—primarily due to large differences in velocities—and 37 events do not.
Key Points
There is evidence of Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI)‐driven waves along Jupiter's dawn flank magnetopause during the Juno prime mission
24 (38.7%) crossings satisfied the KHI condition and 38 (61.3%) crossings did not satisfy the KHI condition
Magnetopause crossings that satisfied the KHI condition had, in general, larger velocity shears than those that did not
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose of the study: Caregiver burden is a multidimensional construct, addressing tension and anxiety (stress burden), changes in dyadic relationships (relationship burden), and time infringements ...(objective burden) resulting from caregiving. The study aims were to assess (a) whether the dimensions of burden were the same for caregiving spouses and adult children, (b) the role of assisting with problem behaviors (PBs) and activities of daily living (ADLs) on each dimension of burden, and (c) the role of each dimension of burden on self-rated health and intention to institutionalize the care receiver. Design and Methods: This study included 280 spouse/partner and 243 adult child caregivers of persons with chronic illnesses. Results: Analysis using 2-group structural equation modeling showed that the factor structure of burden was equivalent for spouses and adult children. For both groups, assisting with ADLs was directly related with objective burden, whereas PBs were directly related to all dimensions of burden. For both groups, stress burden was the only predictor of self-rated health, whereas PBs were significantly linked with intention to institutionalize. However, stress burden among spouses and relationship burden among adult children were significantly linked with intention to institutionalize. Implications: We discuss the research and practice implications of the differing needs of spouses and adult children.
CD103
CD11b
dendritic cells (DCs) are unique to the intestine, but the factors governing their differentiation are unclear. Here we show that transforming growth factor receptor 1 (TGFβR1) has an ...indispensable, cell intrinsic role in the development of these cells. Deletion of Tgfbr1 results in markedly fewer intestinal CD103
CD11b
DCs and a reciprocal increase in the CD103
CD11b
dendritic cell subset. Transcriptional profiling identifies markers that define the CD103
CD11b
DC lineage, including CD101, TREM1 and Siglec-F, and shows that the absence of CD103
CD11b
DCs in CD11c-Cre.Tgfbr1
mice reflects defective differentiation from CD103
CD11b
intermediaries, rather than an isolated loss of CD103 expression. The defect in CD103
CD11b
DCs is accompanied by reduced generation of antigen-specific, inducible FoxP3
regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo, and by reduced numbers of endogenous Th17 cells in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, TGFβR1-mediated signalling may explain the tissue-specific development of these unique DCs.Developmental cues for the different dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the intestine are yet to be defined. Here the authors show that TGFβR1 signalling is needed for development of CD103
CD11b
intestinal DCs from CD103
CD11b
cells and that they contribute to the generation of Th17 and regulatory T cells.
The interaction between mangroves and storm surges is explored using an analytical solution. A simplified momentum equation, balancing vegetation drag and pressure gradient, is combined with the ...continuity equation resulting in a diffusion equation. Assuming a simplified environment, a one‐dimensional analytical solution is obtained to predict peak surge level across a forest. The solution accurately reproduces peak water level of a 10‐year return period flood event in mangroves in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, and in Ten Thousand Islands, Florida, during Hurricane Charley. Vegetation properties that determine the capacity of mangroves to reduce surges are forest density and cross‐shore extent. Storm characteristics—flood duration and peak water level at the forest fringe—also influence surge attenuation. Mangroves are shown to be an effective form of coastal flood protection if forests are sufficiently wide/dense, relative to the surge decay length scale, to restrict water exchange during a storm.
Plain Language Summary
Storm‐driven flooding is a major hazard in low‐lying coastal areas. Mangroves have previously been shown to provide effective coastal protection from storm waves. However, there is sparse evidence that mangroves reduce storm surge, which is the temporary increase in water level resulting from the combination of high winds and low atmospheric pressure during a weather event. Here we demonstrate that mangroves can reduce water flow and store water, thus helping to reduce peak surge water levels. We show that if forests are sufficiently wide, water levels within (and landward of) the mangroves are substantially lower than for a scenario in which mangroves are absent. The density of the vegetation, cross‐shore extent of the forest, and characteristics of the surge (duration and amplitude) all influence water‐level reduction in the forest.
Key Points
An analytic solution is developed to describe storm surge propagation through coastal mangroves
The water storage capacity of mangrove forests is shown to be as important as frictional effects in attenuating storm surge
Reduction in peak storm surge level increases non‐linearly as mangrove forest width (cross‐shore) increases
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We compared two tasks that are widely used in research on mentalizing—false belief stories and animations of rigid geometric shapes that depict social interactions—to investigate whether the neural ...systems that mediate the representation of others' mental states are consistent across these tasks. Whereas false belief stories activated primarily the anterior paracingulate cortex (APC), the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PC), and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)—components of the distributed neural system for theory of mind (ToM)—the social animations activated an extensive region along nearly the full extent of the superior temporal sulcus, including a locus in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), as well as the frontal operculum and inferior parietal lobule (IPL)—components of the distributed neural system for action understanding—and the fusiform gyrus. These results suggest that the representation of covert mental states that may predict behavior and the representation of intentions that are implied by perceived actions involve distinct neural systems. These results show that the TPJ and the pSTS play dissociable roles in mentalizing and are parts of different distributed neural systems. Because the social animations do not depict articulated body movements, these results also highlight that the perception of the kinematics of actions is not necessary to activate the mirror neuron system, suggesting that this system plays a general role in the representation of intentions and goals of actions. Furthermore, these results suggest that the fusiform gyrus plays a general role in the representation of visual stimuli that signify agency, independent of visual form.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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