Breast cancer was the most frequent cause of cancer-induced death among middle-aged (20- 59) women in the last decade. In contrast, the incidence rates of thyroid cancer have begun to stabilize in ...recent years. The synchronous neoplasms of thyroid and breast cancers are very rare in clinical settings. The current study presented a case of synchronous Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) and breast ductal carcinoma in a 37-year-old woman. It is proposed that the mechanism of these synchronous primary tumors is associated with an interaction between the breast and thyroid hormonal responses. It is essential to examine breast tissue in patients with thyroid carcinoma or vice versa. In our case, although axillary sentinel lymph node was free from the tumor, cervical lymph nodes were involved by breast carcinoma; suggesting the importance of cervical examination in breast cancer patients.
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVESome certain markers, including prostatic specific antigen (PSA), are being used to screen prostate cancer (PC), but none of them have sufficient sensitivity and specificity for ...evaluation of prognosis. Currently, genetic variants have found their place in the prognosis of PC. ETS-related gene (ERG) expression and its intensity have contradictory evidence regarding ERG expression with PC incidence or associating outcome. Our purpose was to survey the relationship of ERG expression and its intensity with PC and relative clinical outcome. METHODSWe studied the immunohistochemichal (IHC) expression of ERG in 101 radical prostatectomy specimens with PC of different histologic grades. All samples were chosen from pathology department of Sina hospital in Tehran-Iran from 2011 to 2018. Positive ERG expression and its association with Gleason score, preoperative PSA, metastasis status, stage and grade of tumors was evaluated. RESULTSIn total, ERG expression was observed in 42 cases (41.58%) and of these, 7 (16.66%) were categorized as weak, 13 (30.95%) moderate and 22(52.38%) as strong. There was no significant correlation between ERG expression and age, preoperative PSA, Gleason score, lymph node involvement, metastatic pattern, stage, and grade of the tumor (P>0.05). ERG expression frequency in the two groups of survived and expired patients was 42.85% and 0%, respectively; despite the noticeable difference, it was not statistically significance (P=0.264). CONCLUSIONEvaluation of ERG expression and its intensity may have no essential role as an acceptable prognostic factor in Iranian's population for anticipating whether PC itself or the outcomes accompanied. This relation is vigorously under the influence of geographical/ethnical features.
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Introduction:
Due to the extensive use of indwelling stents and catheters in urology, bacterial colonization on these materials is a significant cause of infections in this group of patients. This ...study aims to investigate and compare the bacterial colonization in urine and in the three zones of the double J (DJ) stent.
Methods:
Between August 2019 and May 2020, 67 patients (18–78 years old) who underwent DJ stenting were recruited in the study. Surgeries before stenting included transurethral lithotripsy (TUL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or diagnostic ureteroscopy. Before stenting, sterile urine samples were collected, and urinary cultures were performed, and the same procedure was done after removal of the DJ stents. DJ stent cultures were also performed.
Results:
61 patients were analyzed. The mean age of all patients was 53 ± 16 years. The mean time of DJ installation in all patients was 27.6 ± 6.7 days (14–43 days). In these three parts of the DJ, 70.5%, 67.2%, and 72.1% of patients were without a colony, respectively. The microorganism distribution is approximately the same in the lower and upperparts, and Escherichia coli has the highest frequency (11.5%). The odds ratio (OR) of contamination was significantly lower in men than in women, but overweight and diabetes were not associated.
Conclusion:
The severity and pattern of bacterial colonization are not significantly different in the proximal, distal, and middle parts of the DJ stent.
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Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most predominant type of urinary bladder tumor. As cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is recently introduced as an attractive target molecule in bladder TCC, we evaluated ...the immunohistochemical expression of this marker and its association with several clinicopathological characteristics.
This cross-sectional study was performed in the Pathology department of Sina Hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2006-2011. Ninety-two paraffin embedded blocks were selected from patients with urinary bladder TCC who underwent cystectomy or transurethral resection (TUR). Then, we assessed COX-2 expression by immunohistochemical staining using antibody against COX-2. Staining in more than 5% of tumor cells was considered as positive expression.
COX-2 was expressed in 50 % of our patients. This marker was markedly expressed in high grade bladder TCC (62.1%) versus other grades and there was statistically a significant difference in COX-2 expression between various grades (p=0.008). In addition, patients' age, lymphatic and perineurial invasion were associated with the expression of COX-2 (p=0.001, 0.015 and 0.039, respectively). However, other parameters such as stage, tumor size, venous invasion and lymph node metastasis did not show any significant relationship with this marker (all, p>0.05).
COX-2 was expressed in urinary bladder TCC especially in high grade forms, advocating its probable role in the differentiation of this tumor. Accordingly, COX-2 could be a valuable biological target molecule in the evaluation and treatment of patients with bladder TCC.
Background Although the exact mechanism involved in migraine pathogenesis remained uncertain, and different researches have been developed to address the role of neuroinflammation and immune ...dysfunction. Therefore, considering the immune protective functions of vitamin D3, we aimed to investigate the effects of daily administration of 2000 IU D3 supplements on serum status of immune markers in migraine patients. Methods and materials Eighty episodic migraineurs who randomly assigned into two equal groups to receive either vitamin D3 2000 IU/d or placebo for 12-week were enrolled in this placebo-controlled double-blind trial included. Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin (IL)-17 were evaluated at baseline and after the trial via the ELISA method. Results Applying ANCOVA adjusted for baseline levels and confounding variables, it was found that the serum level of TGF-beta was significantly higher in vitamin D group (adjusted mean:1665.50 ng/L) than the placebo group (1361.90 ng/L) after the experiment (P-value = 0.012); on the other hand, vitamin D prevented the increment in IL-17 serum level in the intervention group after the trial (adjusted mean:37.84 ng/L) comparing to the controls (adjusted mean:70.09 ng/L; P-value = 0.039). The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between changes in serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) and TGF-beta (r = - 0.306, P-value = 0.008). In contrast, no significant correlations were noted between serum 25(OH) D and IL-17 changes throughout the study. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it was revealed that 12-week vitamin D3 supplementation (2000 IU/day) could enhance the Th17/Treg related cytokines balance in episodic migraineurs. Although these findings are promising, it is needed to be extended. Trial registration The trial is registered in the Iranian registry of clinical trials (IRCT) at 11 July 2018, with IRCT code: IRCT20151128025267N6 ( Keywords: Cholecalciferol, Headache, Immune cells, Th17/Treg cytokines, Vitamin D3
Background: Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is important as an enzyme in the pathway leading to the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and arachidonic acid. This pathway is known to play a role in ...inflammation, tumor growth, invasiveness and metastasis, inhibition of apoptosis and angiogenesis. Inhibition of COX-2 has been shown to be a promising antitumor and antiangiogenic strategy in several tumor types, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therefore, we decided to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of this marker and its association with several clinicopathological characteristics in a series of cases. Materials and Methods: COX-2 expression was examined immunohistochemically in tumor tissues obtained from 96 patients who underwent radical (94 cases) or partial (2 cases) nephrectomy. Correlations between COX-2 expression and clinicopathologic findings including pathologic stage, nuclear grade and other indicator of prognosis were examined. Results: Of 96 tumors, 20.9% were positive for COX-2 expression. A correlation was found between COX-2 expression and tumor histological subtype (P=0.03).The papillary subtype showed maximum expression of this marker (43.8%) and the clear subtype minimum (14.7%). There were also possible links between COX-2 expression and pathologic stage, nuclear grade and nodal involvement but the results were not statistically significant (P=0.8, P= 0.14 and P=0.06, respectively). No correlation was found between COX2 expression and patient age, gender, tumor size, metastasis or survival. Conclusions: In our study, COX-2 expression was correlated with the histological subtype of RCC. Additional research is required to determine the link between COX-2 expression and prognosis and also evaluation of probable effectiveness of COX-2 inhibitor drugs in treatment of RCC patients.
Background: Staphylococcus aureus infection pervasively occurs in communities and hospitals and observing related guidelines is essential in preventing development of antibiotic resistance in ...Hospitals. In this study we tried to determine the prevalence of Methicillin and vancomycine resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA & VRSA) and find the most suitable diagnostic tool and treatment in affected patients.Methods: This study was performed on hospitalized patients in Sina Hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2009-2010. Eighty-five staphylococcus aureus samples were evaluated for resistance to oxacillin and vancomycine by both disc diffusion and E-test methods. Results: The study population included 46 male and 39 female patients. The mean age of the participants was 51.46±19.21 years. The MRSA frequency was 50%. 67 (78.8%) patients had hospital-acquired staphylococcus infection. The rate of hospital-acquired MRSA was 93%. Length of hospital stay, undergoing invasive methods, history of antibiotic use three months prior to hospitalization and its kind were recognized as MRSA risk factors. There were no reports of VRSA except one case of vancomycine-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). The results of disk effusion and E-test methods were consistent. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of methicillin resistance in hospital-acquired infections, it seems that oxacillin should not be used as the first-line option for empiric therapy against S. aureus till antibiogram results are available. Disc diffusion can also be reliably used instead of the more expensive E-test.
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