We present the ancillary data and basic physical measurements for the galaxies in the ALMA Large Program to Investigate C+ at Early Times (ALPINE) survey-the first large multiwavelength survey that ...aims at characterizing the gas and dust properties of 118 main-sequence galaxies at redshifts 4.4 < z < 5.9 via the measurement of emission at (64% at >3.5 ) and the surrounding far-infrared continuum in conjunction with a wealth of optical and near-infrared data. We outline in detail the spectroscopic data and selection of the galaxies as well as the ground- and space-based imaging products. In addition, we provide several basic measurements including stellar masses, star formation rates (SFR), rest-frame ultra-violet (UV) luminosities, UV continuum slopes (β), and absorption line redshifts, as well as H emission derived from Spitzer colors. We find that the ALPINE sample is representative of the 4 < z < 6 galaxy population selected by photometric methods and only slightly biased toward bluer colors (Δβ ∼ 0.2). Using as tracer of the systemic redshift (confirmed for one galaxy at z = 4.5 out of 118 for which we obtained optical λ3727 emission), we confirm redshifted Ly emission and blueshifted absorption lines similar to findings at lower redshifts. By stacking the rest-frame UV spectra in the rest frame, we find that the absorption lines in galaxies with high specific SFR are more blueshifted, which could be indicative of stronger winds and outflows.
By using a set of different star formation rate (SFR) indicators, including Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mid-infrared and H α emission, we study the slope of the main sequence (MS) of ...local star-forming galaxies at stellar masses larger than 10^{10} M_{⊙ }. The slope of the relation strongly depends on the SFR indicator used. In all cases, the local MS shows a bending at high stellar masses with respect to the slope obtained in the low-mass regime. While the distribution of galaxies in the upper envelope of the MS is consistent with a lognormal distribution, the lower envelope shows an excess of galaxies, which increases as a function of the stellar mass but varies as a function of the SFR indicator used. The scatter of the best lognormal distribution increases with stellar mass from ∼0.3 dex at 10^{10} M_{⊙ } to ∼0.45 at 10^{11} M_{⊙ }. The MS high-mass end is dominated by central galaxies of group-sized haloes with a red bulge and a disc redder than the lower mass counterparts. We argue that the MS bending in this region is due to two processes: (i) the formation of a bulge component as a consequence of the increased merger activity in groups, and (ii) the cold gas starvation induced by the hot halo environment, which cuts off the gas inflow on to the disc. Similarly, the increase of the MS scatter at high stellar masses would be explained by the larger spread of star formation histories of central group and cluster galaxies with respect to lower mass systems.
Context:
Insufficient sleep is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may underlie this link.
Objective:
Our objective was to examine the ...impact of restricted sleep on daytime profiles of ACTH and cortisol concentrations.
Methods:
Thirteen subjects participated in 2 laboratory sessions (2 nights of 10 hours in bed versus 2 nights of 4 hours in bed) in a randomized crossover design. Sleep was polygraphically recorded. After the second night of each session, blood was sampled at 20-minute intervals from 9:00 am to midnight to measure ACTH and total cortisol. Saliva was collected every 20 minutes from 2:00 pm to midnight to measure free cortisol. Perceived stress, hunger, and appetite were assessed at hourly intervals by validated scales.
Results:
Sleep restriction was associated with a 19% increase in overall ACTH levels (P < .03) that was correlated with the individual amount of sleep loss (rSp = 0.63, P < .02). Overall total cortisol levels were also elevated (+21%; P = .10). Pulse frequency was unchanged for both ACTH and cortisol. Morning levels of ACTH were higher after sleep restriction (P < .04) without concomitant elevation of cortisol. In contrast, evening ACTH levels were unchanged while total and free cortisol increased by, respectively, 30% (P < .03) and 200% (P < .04). Thus, the amplitude of the circadian cortisol decline was dampened by sleep restriction (−21%; P < .05). Sleep restriction was not associated with higher perceived stress but resulted in an increase in appetite that was correlated with the increase in total cortisol.
Conclusion:
The impact of sleep loss on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity is dependent on time of day. Insufficient sleep dampens the circadian rhythm of cortisol, a major internal synchronizer of central and peripheral clocks.
ABSTRACT
In this work, we analyse the connection between gas availability and the position of a region with respect to the spatially resolved main-sequence (MS) relation. Following the procedure ...presented in Enia et al. (2020), for a sample of five face-on, grand design spiral galaxies located on the MS we obtain estimates of stellar mass and star formation rate surface densities (Σ⋆ and ΣSFR) within cells of 500 pc size. Thanks to H i 21cm and 12CO(2–1) maps of comparable resolution, within the same cells we estimate the surface densities of the atomic (ΣH i) and molecular ($\Sigma _{\rm {H_2}}$) gas and explore the correlations among all these quantities. Σ⋆, ΣSFR, and $\Sigma _{\rm {H_2}}$ define a 3D relation whose projections are the spatially resolved MS, the Kennicutt–Schmidt law and the molecular gas MS. We find that $\Sigma _{\rm {H_2}}$ steadily increases along the MS relation and is almost constant perpendicular to it. ΣH i is nearly constant along the MS and increases in its upper envelope. As a result, ΣSFR can be expressed as a function of Σ⋆ and ΣH i, following the relation log ΣSFR = 0.97log Σ⋆ + 1.99log ΣH i − 11.11. We show that the total gas fraction significantly increases towards the starburst regions, accompanied by a weak increase in star formation efficiency. Finally, we find that H2/H i varies strongly with the distance from the MS, dropping dramatically in regions of intense star formation, where the UV radiation from newly formed stars dissociates the H2 molecule, illustrating the self-regulating nature of the star formation process.
We use a sample built on the SDSS DR7 catalogue and the bulge-disc decomposition of Simard et al. (2011, ApJS, 196, 11) to study how the bulge and disc components contribute to the parent galaxy’s ...star formation activity, by determining its position in the star formation rate (SFR) – stellar mass (M⋆) plane at 0.02 < z < 0.1 and around the main sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies. For this purpose, we use the bulge and disc colours as proxy for their SFRs, while the total galaxy SFR comes from Hα or D4000. We study the mean galaxy bulge-total mass ratio (B/T) as a function of the residual from the MS (ΔMS) and find that the B/T-ΔMS relation exhibits a parabola-like shape with the peak of the MS corresponding to the lowest B/Ts at any stellar mass. The lower and upper envelope of the MS are populated by galaxies with similar B/T, velocity dispersion and concentration (R90/R50) values. The mean values of such distributions indicate that the majority of the galaxies are characterised by classical bulges and not pseudo-bulges. Bulges above the MS are characterised by blue colours or, when red, by a high level of dust obscuration, thus indicating that in both cases they are actively star forming. When on the MS or below it, bulges are mostly red and dead. At stellar masses above 1010.5M⊙, bulges on the MS or in the green valley tend to be significantly redder than their counterparts in the quiescence region, despite similar levels of dust obscuration. This could be explained with different age or metallicity content, suggesting different evolutionary paths for bulges on the MS and green valley with respect to those in the quiescence region. The disc g−r colour anti-correlates at any mass with the distance from the MS, getting redder when approaching the MS lower envelope and the quiescence region. The anti-correlation flattens as a function of the stellar mass, likely due to a higher level of dust obscuration in massive SF galaxies. We conclude that the position of a galaxy in the Log SFR – Log M⋆ plane depends on the star formation activity of its components: above the MS both bulge and disc are actively star forming. The nuclear activity is the first to be suppressed, moving the galaxies on the MS. Once the disc stops forming stars as well, the galaxy moves below the MS and eventually to the quiescence region. This is confirmed by a significant percentage (~45%) of passive galaxies with a secure two component morphology, coexisting with a population of pure spheroidals. Our findings are qualitatively in agreement with the compaction-depletion scenario, in which subsequent phases of gas inflow in the centre of a galaxy and depletion due to high star formation activity move the galaxy across the MS before the final quenching episode takes place.
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ABSTRACT
While the kinematics of galaxies up to z ∼ 3 have been characterized in detail, only a handful of galaxies at high redshift (z > 4) have been examined in such a way. The Atacama Large ...Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program to INvestigate C ii at Early times (ALPINE) survey observed a statistically significant sample of 118 star-forming main-sequence galaxies at z = 4.4–5.9 in C ii158 $\mu$m emission, increasing the number of such observations by nearly 10×. A preliminary qualitative classification of these sources revealed a diversity of kinematic types (i.e. rotators, mergers, and dispersion-dominated systems). In this work, we supplement the initial classification by applying quantitative analyses to the ALPINE data: a tilted ring model (TRM) fitting code (3Dbarolo), a morphological classification (Gini-M20), and a set of disc identification criteria. Of the 75 C ii-detected ALPINE galaxies, 29 are detected at sufficient significance and spatial resolution to allow for TRM fitting and the derivation of morphological and kinematic parameters. These 29 sources constitute a high-mass subset of the ALPINE sample ($M_*\gt 10^{9.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$). We robustly classify 14 of these sources (six rotators, five mergers, and three dispersion-dominated systems); the remaining sources showing complex behaviour. By exploring the G-M20 of z > 4 rest-frame far-infrared and C ii data for the first time, we find that our 1 arcsec ∼ 6 kpc resolution data alone are insufficient to separate galaxy types. We compare the rotation curves and dynamical mass profiles of the six ALPINE rotators to the two previously detected z ∼ 4–6 unlensed main-sequence rotators, finding high rotational velocities (∼50–250 km s−1) and a diversity of rotation curve shapes.
ABSTRACT
We analyse the spatially resolved relation between stellar mass (M⋆) and star formation rate (SFR) in disc galaxies (i.e. the main sequence, MS). The studied sample includes eight nearby ...face-on grand-design spirals, e.g. the descendant of high-redshift, rotationally supported star-forming galaxies. We exploit photometric information over 23 bands, from the UV to the far-IR, from the publicly available DustPedia data base to build spatially resolved maps of stellar mass and SFRs on sub-galactic scales of 0.5–1.5 kpc, by performing a spectral energy distribution fitting procedure that accounts for both the observed and obscured star formation processes, over a wide range of internal galaxy environments (bulges, spiral arms, and outskirts). With more than 30 000 physical cells, we have derived a definition of the local spatially resolved MS per unit area for discs, log (ΣSFR) = 0.82log (Σ*) − 8.69. This is consistent with the bulk of recent results based on optical IFU, using the H α line emission as an SFR tracer. Our work extends the analysis at lower sensitivities in both M⋆ and SFR surface densities, up to a factor of ∼10. The self-consistency of the MS relation over different spatial scales, from sub-galactic to galactic, as well as with a rescaled correlation obtained for high-redshift galaxies, clearly proves its universality.
ABSTRACT
By using the deepest available mid- and far-infrared surveys in the CANDELS, GOODS, and COSMOS fields we study the evolution of the main sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) from z ...∼ 0 to ∼ 2.5 at stellar masses larger than 1010 M⊙. The MS slope and scatter are consistent with a rescaled version of the local relation and distribution, shifted at higher values of star formation rate (SFR) according to ∝ (1 + $z$)3.2. The relation exhibits a bending at the high-mass end and a slightly increasing scatter as a function of the stellar mass. We show that the previously reported evolution of the MS slope, in the considered mass and redshift range, is due to a selection effect. The distribution of galaxies in the MS region at fixed stellar mass is well represented by a single lognormal distribution at all redshifts and masses, with starburst galaxies occupying the tail at high SFR.
ABSTRACT
We report the serendipitous discovery of a dust-obscured galaxy observed as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program to INvestigate C ii at Early times (ALPINE). While ...this galaxy is detected both in line and continuum emissions in ALMA Band 7, it is completely dark in the observed optical/near-infrared bands and only shows a significant detection in the UltraVISTA Ks band. We discuss the nature of the observed ALMA line, that is C ii at $z$ ∼ 4.6 or high-J CO transitions at $z$ ∼ 2.2. In the first case, we find a C ii/FIR luminosity ratio of $\mathrm{log}{(L_{\mathrm{ C}\, \rm {\small {II}}}/L_{\mathrm{ FIR}})} \sim -2.5$, consistent with the average value for local star-forming galaxies (SFGs). In the second case instead, the source would lie at larger CO luminosities than those expected for local SFGs and high-z submillimetre galaxies. At both redshifts, we derive the star formation rate (SFR) from the ALMA continuum and the physical parameters of the galaxy, such as the stellar mass (M*), by fitting its spectral energy distribution. Exploiting the results of this work, we believe that our source is a ‘main-sequence’, dusty SFG at $z$ = 4.6 (i.e. C ii emitter) with $\mathrm{log(SFR/M_{\odot }\, yr^{-1})}\sim 1.4$ and log(M*/M⊙) ∼ 9.9. As a support to this scenario our galaxy, if at this redshift, lies in a massive protocluster recently discovered at $z$ ∼ 4.57, at only ∼1 proper Mpc from its centre. This work underlines the crucial role of the ALPINE survey in making a census of this class of objects, in order to unveil their contribution to the global SFR density at the end of the Reionization epoch.
High-resolution multi-wavelength photometry is crucial to explore the spatial distribution of star formation in galaxies and understand how these evolve. To this aim, in this paper we exploit the ...deep, multi-wavelength Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data available in the central parts of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields and study the distribution of star formation activity and mass in galaxies located at different positions with respect to the main sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies. Our sample consists of galaxies with stellar mass ≥109.5 M⊙ in the redshift range 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 1.2. Exploiting 10-band photometry from the UV to the near-infrared at HST resolution, we derived spatially resolved maps of galaxy properties, such as stellar mass and star formation rate and specific star formation rate, with a resolution of ∼0.16 arcsec. We find that the star formation activity is centrally enhanced in galaxies above the MS and centrally suppressed below the MS, with quiescent galaxies (1 dex below the MS) characterised by the highest suppression. The specific star formation rate in the outer region does not show systematic trends of enhancement or suppression above or below the MS. The distribution of mass in MS galaxies indicates that bulges grow when galaxies are still on the MS relation. Galaxies below the MS are more bulge-dominated with respect to MS counterparts at fixed stellar mass, while galaxies in the upper envelope are more extended and have Sérsic indices that are always smaller than or comparable to their MS counterparts. The suppression of star formation activity in the central region of galaxies below the MS hints at inside-out quenching, as star formation is still ongoing in the outer regions.
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