Objetivo: relacionar o desejo de doar leite materno aos aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos e obstétricos.Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal e analítico com abordagem quantitativa, realizado ...com 226 mulheres durante o puerpério imediato, em um Hospital de Referência do interior do Piauí, Brasil, entre dezembro de 2016 e junho de 2018. Na estatística analítica, realizaram-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Razão de verossimilhança e o teste t Student.Resultados: a caracterização sociodemográfica revelou que as participantes do estudo eram predominantemente casadas (n = 165; 73 %); pardas (n = 145; 64,1 %) e 79 (34,9 %) praticavam atividade física. 78,3 % (n = 177) das entrevistadas desejavam ser doadoras de leite materno, o que indica relação significativa com os anos de estudo (p = 0,038) e com as que receberam orientações sobre o assunto durante o pré-natal (p = 0,028).Conclusões: o desejo de doar leite 3 materno esteve significativamente relacionado às variáveis de maior escolaridade da mulher e às orientações recebidas no pré-natal sobre o assunto, demonstrando a relevância da educação em saúde dentro do contexto.
•Nature of electrode material decides the electrocatalytic mechanism followed.•Electrogenerated strong oxidants on BDD surface improve the color and organic load removal.•Chlorine active species act ...in solution cage oxidizing organic matter.
The present study discusses the electrochemical degradation process of a textile dye, Novacron Yellow C-RG (NY), dissolved in synthetic wastewaters, via direct and indirect oxidation. Experiments were conducted using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and platinum supported on Ti (Pt/Ti) electrodes in the absence and presence of NaCl in the solution. The direct process for removing color is relatively similar for both anodes, while the electrochemical degradation is significantly accelerated by the presence of halogen salt in the solution. Interestingly, it does not depend on applied current density, but rather on NaCl concentration. Therefore, the electrochemical processes (direct/indirect) favor specific oxidation pathways depending on electrocatalytic material. Whereas, the Pt/Ti anode favors preferentially color removal by direct and indirect oxidation (100% of color removal) due to the fragmentation of the azo dye group; BDD electrode favors color and organic load removals in both processes (95% and up to 87%, respectively), due to the rupture of dye in different parts of its chemical structure. Parameters of removal efficiency and energy consumption for the electrochemical process were estimated. Finally, an explanation has been attempted for the role of halide, in relation with the oxygen evolution reaction, concomitant with the electrochemical incineration as well as electrocatalytic mechanisms, for each one of the electrodes used.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Abstract The Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) is the main radiation field responsible for attenuating extragalactic gamma-ray emission at very high energies, but its precise spectral intensity is ...not fully determined. Therefore, disentangling propagation effects from the intrinsic spectral properties of gamma-ray sources (such as active galactic nuclei, AGN) is the primary challenge to interpret observations of these objects. We present a Bayesian and Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to simultaneously infer parameters characterizing the EBL and the intrinsic spectra in a combined fit of a set of sources, which has the advantage of easily incorporating the uncertainties of both sets of parameters into one another through marginalization of the posterior distribution. Taking a sample of synthetic blazars observed by the ideal CTA configuration, we study the effects on the EBL constraints of combining multiple observations and varying their exposure. We also apply the methodology to a set of 65 gamma-ray spectra of 36 different AGNs measured by current Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo as a solution to the difficult task of sampling in spaces with a high number of parameters. We find robust constraints in the mid-IR region while simultaneously obtaining intrinsic spectral parameters for all of these objects. In particular, we identify Markarian 501 (Mkn 501) flare data (HEGRA/1997) as essential for constraining the EBL above 30 μm.
Introduction
Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a prevalent side effect of antipsychotic drugs (AP), and it impairs patients’ quality of life. Because of the distress caused by it, it should be borne in mind ...when prescribed since it is responsible for treatment nonadherence or discontinuation. SD affects about 45- 80% of males and 30-80% of females that take it. In SD, all phases of the sexual response cycle may be compromised.
Objectives
This non-systematic review of the literature aims to better understand the antipsychotic-induced SD and its management to better compliance of AP-treated patients without compromising their quality of life.
Methods
A semi-structured review on PubMed linking SD as a side effect of AP drugs.
Results
All AP drugs can cause SD. It seems related to their mechanism of activity at receptors D2, 5-HT2, α1, H1, and M, which are also involved in sexual function. They do it by diminishing arousal, decreasing libido by blocking motivation and reward system and orgasm indirectly, provoking erectile dysfunction by vasodilatation, and decreasing woman lubrification. Hyperprolactinemia is a significant cause of sexual dysfunctions. Haloperidol, Risperidone, and Amisulpride (prolactin elevating AP) are more likely to cause SD than Olanzapine, Clozapine, Quetiapine, and Aripiprazole (prolactin sparing AP). Although psychotic disorders (Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders) can impact sexual functioning, according to evidence, there is no denying the role of AP in this issue. Aripiprazole, a D2 partial agonist, has been associated with lower rates of SD and seems to reduce the rates of SD in patients previously treated with other AP. Other AP with the same potential dopamine agonist activity, such as Cariprazine and Brexpiprazole, can probably have the same effect. The management of SD induced by AP drugs should include measuring serum prolactin and modifying risk factors like hypertension, smoking, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia. In that regard, waiting for spontaneous remission, reducing the dose of the AP prescribed, or switching to Aripiprazole are all viable strategies, if possible. Although the evidence supporting the addition of symptomatic therapies is weak, adding dopaminergic drugs (amantadine, bromocriptine, cabergoline) or drugs with specific effects on sexual functioning (such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors or yohimbine) may be helpful in selected cases.
Conclusions
Although all AP drugs can cause sexual dysfunction, it is difficult to determine its true prevalence accurately. AP-induced sexual dysfunction can adversely affect compliance and is one of the factors that must be considered when selecting treatment. In summarizing, Aripiprazole has shown to be the AP with the most favorable profile concerning SD. Cariprazine and Brexpiprazole, being also D2 partial agonists, may cause less SD.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare surgical and endoscopic treatment for pancreatic pseudocyst (PP).
The researchers did a search in Medline, EMBASE, Scielo/Lilacs, and Cochrane ...electronic databases for studies comparing surgical and endoscopic drainage of PP s in adult patients. Then, the extracted data were used to perform a meta-analysis. The outcomes were therapeutic success, drainage-related adverse events, general adverse events, recurrence rate, cost, and time of hospitalization.
There was no significant difference between treatment success rate (risk difference RD -0.09; 95% confidence interval CI 0.20,0.01; P = .07), drainage-related adverse events (RD -0.02; 95% CI -0.04,0.08; P = .48), general adverse events (RD -0.05; 95% CI -0.12, 0.02; P = .13) and recurrence (RD: 0.02; 95% CI -0.04,0.07; P = .58) between surgical and endoscopic treatment.Regarding time of hospitalization, the endoscopic group had better results (RD: -4.23; 95% CI -5.18, -3.29; P < .00001). When it comes to treatment cost, the endoscopic arm also had better outcomes (RD: -4.68; 95% CI -5.43,-3.94; P < .00001).
There is no significant difference between surgical and endoscopic treatment success rates, adverse events and recurrence for PP. However, time of hospitalization and treatment costs were lower in the endoscopic group.
Globally, malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both independently associated with a massive burden of disease and death. While their co-infection has been well studied for Plasmodium ...falciparum, scarce data exist regarding the association of P. vivax and HIV. In this cohort study, we assessed the effect of HIV on the risk of vivax malaria infection and recurrence during a 4-year follow-up period in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. For the purpose of this study, we obtained clinical information from January 2012 to December 2016 from two databases. HIV screening data were acquired from the clinical information system at the tropical hospital Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD). The National Malaria Surveillance database (SIVEP malaria) was utilized to identify malaria infections during a 4-year follow-up period after diagnosis of HIV. Both datasets were combined via data linkage. Between 2012 and 2016, a total of 42,121 people were screened for HIV, with 1569 testing positive (3.7%). Out of all the patients diagnosed with HIV, 198 had at least one episode of P. vivax malaria in the follow-up. In the HIV-negative group, 711 participants had at least one P. vivax malaria episode. When comparing both groups, HIV patients had a 6.48 (5.37-7.83); P < 0.0001 (adjusted relative risk) greater chance of acquiring P. vivax malaria. Moreover, being of the male gender ARR = 1.41 (1.17-1.71); P < 0.0001, Amerindian ethnicity ARR = 2.77 (1.46-5.28); P < 0.0001, and a resident in a municipality of the Metropolitan region of Manaus ARR = 1.48 (1.02-2.15); P = 0.038 were independent risk factors associated with an increased risk of clinical malaria. Education ≥ 8 years ARR = 0.41 (0.26-0.64); P < 0.0001 and living in the urban area ARR = 0.44 (0.24-0.80); P = 0.007 were associated to a lower risk of P. vivax malaria. A total of 28 (14.1%) and 180 (25.3%) recurrences (at least a second clinical malaria episode) were reported in the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups, respectively. After adjusting for sex and education, HIV-positive status was associated with a tendency towards protection from P. vivax malaria recurrences ARR = 0.55 (0.27-1.10); P = 0.090. HIV status was not associated with hospitalizations due to P. vivax malaria. CD4 + counts and viral load were not associated with recurrences of P. vivax malaria. No significant differences were found in the distribution of parasitemia between HIV-negative and HIV-positive P. vivax malaria patients. Our results suggest that HIV-positive status is a risk factor for vivax malaria infection, which represents an additional challenge that should be addressed during elimination efforts.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of dairy goat genotypes, as well as the influence of hygienic practices by farmers on the quality of goat ...milk. Productive and reproductive data of 81 Anglo Nubian and Alpine crossbred goats, as well as data on total milk production of goats over 100 days of lactation and partial production up to 56 days of lactation. Also, in natura milk samples from 160 properties in the region were evaluated. At the time of collection, a questionnaire was applied to diagnose goat milk production systems. Data from productive and reproductive performance were evaluated by Tukey test and descriptive analysis using the SPSS program. The herd presented a variation of the total milk production in lactation (TMP) from 267.40kg to 468.55kg, with lactation length ranging from 157 to 247 days, and average daily production between 1.43 and 1.89kg/day. Fertility rates were satisfactory, with the lowest rate being 76% and the highest 92%, with an average of 85.24% considering the six seasons of birth. The means of the gestation periods varied between 144 and 152 days. Regarding the sanitary characterization, 73% of farmers performed a cleaning of the room before and after milking. However, 94.8% of farmers did not eliminate the first jets of milk and only 29.2% used the screened mug test to identify clinical mastitis. Only 41% of farmers performed pre and post-dipping and 30.2% applied the iodine solution. Only 8.3% of farmers used disposable paper towels. However, 92% of producers still used fabric towel. It was also observed that 99% of the properties stored milk in buckets or cans without refrigeration. In the microbiological analysis, a small amount of milk samples (5.6%) was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, however the total coliform count was high. Regarding the somatic cell count, it was found that 86% of the properties presented values above one million cells per mL of sample. The study demonstrated the prevalence of several factors that contribute to the vulnerability of milk contamination in various stages of production such as milking and processing. Thus, the guidance and awareness of those responsible is extremely important to improve goat milk quality in the semi-arid region of Paraíba.
RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de genótipos caprinos leiteiros, assim como a influência da adoção das práticas higiênicas pelos produtores sobre a qualidade do leite caprino. A primeira parte da pesquisa foi realizada na Estação Experimental Pendência-PB. Foram analisados dados produtivos e reprodutivos de 81 cabras Anglo-Nubiana e alpinas mestiças, bem como dados de produção total de leite das cabras acima de 100 dias de lactação e produção parcial até 56 dias de lactação. Também foram avaliadas amostras de leite in natura de 160 propriedades da região. No momento da coleta, foi aplicado um questionário de diagnóstico dos sistemas de produção de leite caprino. Os dados de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo foram avaliados pelo teste de Tukey e pela análise descritiva utilizando o programa SPSS. O rebanho apresentou uma variação da produção de leite total na lactação desde 267,40kg a 468,55kg, com durações de lactação variando de 157 e 247 dias, e produção média diária entre 1,43 e 1,89kg/dia. As taxas de fertilidade foram satisfatórias, sendo a menor taxa de 76% e a maior de 92%, com uma média de 85,24% considerando as seis estações de parição. As médias dos períodos de gestação variaram entre 144 e 152 dias. Quanto à caracterização da sanidade, 73% dos produtores realizam limpeza da sala antes e após a ordenha. No entanto, 94,8% dos produtores não eliminam os primeiros jatos de leite e somente 29,2% utilizam o teste da caneca telada para identificação de mastite clínica. Apenas 41% dos produtores realizam pré-dipping e pós-dipping e 30,2% aplicam a solução de iodo. Somente 8,3% dos produtores usam toalhas descartáveis e 92% ainda utilizam toalha de tecido. Observou-se, ainda, que 99% das propriedades armazenam o leite ordenhado em baldes ou latões, sem refrigeração. Pequenas quantidades de amostras (5,6%) estavam contaminadas por Staphylococcus aureus, porém a contagem de coliformes totais teve valor elevado. Em relação à contagem de células somáticas, verificou-se que 86% das propriedades apresentaram CCS acima de um milhão de células por mL, devendo-se ajustar corretamente os manejos alimentar, produtivo e reprodutivo. As épocas de parição, lactação e o genótipo influenciaram de forma direta os índices produtivos e reprodutivos dos animais. Obsevou-se a prevalência de vários fatores que contribuem para a vulnerabilidade de contaminação do leite em diversas etapas de produção, tais como ordenha e processamento. Portanto, a orientação adequada e a conscientização dos responsáveis são de extrema importância para melhorar a qualidade do leite de cabra na região semiárida da Paraíba.
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of COD/N ratio and carbon source on simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal processes. A continuous up-flow structured-bed reactor subjected to ...recirculation and intermittent aeration (SBRRIA) was operated with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11.2 ± 0.6 h. The carbon sources were meat peptone and sucrose. The COD/N ratio varied by maintaining the organic loading rate fixed at 1.07 kg COD m−3 d−1 and changing the total-N concentration. The COD/N ratios tested were 9.7 ± 1 (sucrose); 7.6 ± 1 (meat peptone); 2.9 ± 1 (meat peptone) and 2.9 ± 0.4 (sucrose). COD removal efficiencies remained above 90% in all experimental phases. At lower COD/N ratios, NH4+–N oxidation efficiencies were higher than 90%. An autotrophic metabolism by anammox process was observed in Phases III and IV, which was responsible for 35% and 27% of total-N loading removal rates, respectively. Therefore, the system achieved total nitrogen removal efficiencies of 84.6 ± 10.1 and 81.5 ± 5.3%, under low availability of organic electron donors.
•The system presented high removal efficiencies of organic matter and total nitrogen.•NH4+–N oxidation capacity was enhanced by reducing the COD/N ratio.•Anammox was identified as an additional pathway of nitrogen removal at low COD/N ratio.•Nitrifiers, denitrifiers and anammox bacteria coexisted in the SBRRIA reactor.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Testicular ultrasound enables the evaluation of changes in the testicular parenchyma. This study aimed to report the occurrence of hypoechogenic testicular alterations and their relationship with ...semen quality in five breeding buffaloes. Two buffaloes presented with hyperechoic points characteristic of fibrosis and anechoic density content between the parietal and visceral tunica. The two bulls without ultrasonographic changes showed higher average trajectory speed, linear velocity, curvilinear velocity, amplitude of lateral displacement of the spermatic head, total motility, progressive motility, fast speed, and acrosomal membrane values within the normal range. The number of spermatozoa with major and total defects was higher in the group of animals without alterations. The three buffaloes that presented with testicular alterations produced semen within established freezing standards.
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