We briefly describe the Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL), an open source software system for designing and running psychological experiments.
We describe the PEBL Test Battery, a set of ...approximately 70 behavioral tests which can be freely used, shared, and modified. Included is a comprehensive set of past research upon which tests in the battery are based.
We report the results of benchmark tests that establish the timing precision of PEBL.
We consider alternatives to the PEBL system and battery tests.
We conclude with a discussion of the ethical factors involved in the open source testing movement.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Low‐cost, environment‐friendly aqueous Zn batteries have great potential for large‐scale energy storage, but the intercalation of zinc ions in the cathode materials is challenging and complex. ...Herein, the critical role of structural H2O on Zn2+ intercalation into bilayer V2O5·nH2O is demonstrated. The results suggest that the H2O‐solvated Zn2+ possesses largely reduced effective charge and thus reduced electrostatic interactions with the V2O5 framework, effectively promoting its diffusion. Benefited from the “lubricating” effect, the aqueous Zn battery shows a specific energy of ≈144 Wh kg−1 at 0.3 A g−1. Meanwhile, it can maintain an energy density of 90 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 6.4 kW kg−1 (based on the cathode and 200% Zn anode), making it a promising candidate for high‐performance, low‐cost, safe, and environment‐friendly energy‐storage devices.
The co‐intercalation of H2O and Zn2+ as well as the “lubricating effect” of water in V2O5·nH2O is demonstrated, which enhances the rate capability and energy density of zinc batteries. A combination of an ultrahigh power density of 6.4 kW kg−1 and a high energy density of 144 Wh kg−1 is achieved in aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights • The infant microbiome educates the immune system and primes organ function. • Infant microbiome development is perturbed by C-section, perinatal antibiotics, and formula feeding. • ...Perturbed infant microbiomes have been linked to increased risk of metabolic and immune diseases. • Restoration of the microbiome in infants may decrease the risk of associated diseases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical ...logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T. Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers. Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense world. * Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and mental states. * The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus. * Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning, introducing the event calculus as the best method overall. * Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves. * Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
Quantifying animals' home ranges is a key problem in ecology and has important conservation and wildlife management applications. Kernel density estimation (KDE) is a workhorse technique for range ...delineation problems that is both statistically efficient and nonparametric. KDE assumes that the data are independent and identically distributed (IID). However, animal tracking data, which are routinely used as inputs to KDEs, are inherently autocorrelated and violate this key assumption. As we demonstrate, using realistically autocorrelated data in conventional KDEs results in grossly underestimated home ranges. We further show that the performance of conventional KDEs actually degrades as data quality improves, because autocorrelation strength increases as movement paths become more finely resolved. To remedy these flaws with the traditional KDE method, we derive an autocorrelated KDE (AKDE) from first principles to use autocorrelated data, making it perfectly suited for movement data sets. We illustrate the vastly improved performance of AKDE using analytical arguments, relocation data from Mongolian gazelles, and simulations based upon the gazelle's observed movement process. By yielding better minimum area estimates for threatened wildlife populations, we believe that future widespread use of AKDE will have significant impact on ecology and conservation biology.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, INZLJ, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
An operando electrochemical stage for the transmission electron microscope has been configured to form a “Li battery” that is used to quantify the electrochemical processes that occur at the anode ...during charge/discharge cycling. Of particular importance for these observations is the identification of an image contrast reversal that originates from solid Li being less dense than the surrounding liquid electrolyte and electrode surface. This contrast allows Li to be identified from Li-containing compounds that make up the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. By correlating images showing the sequence of Li electrodeposition and the evolution of the SEI layer with simultaneously acquired and calibrated cyclic voltammograms, electrodeposition, and electrolyte breakdown processes can be quantified directly on the nanoscale. This approach opens up intriguing new possibilities to rapidly visualize and test the electrochemical performance of a wide range of electrode/electrolyte combinations for next generation battery systems.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
•A new candidate for applications at high temperature is proposed.•The calculated melting point of the alloy is 1700°C.•The alloy possesses a simple microstructure.•The alloy exhibits perspectives in ...terms of mechanical properties and oxidation resistance.
A new refractory high-entropy alloy system Mo–W–Al–Cr–x is proposed as a family of candidate materials for structural applications at high temperatures. Thermodynamic assessment was used to set the chemical composition of the first alloy as 20Mo–20W–20Al–20Cr–20Ti (at.%) with a calculated melting temperature of about 1700°C. A single disordered BCC phase should be stable at high temperatures between 1077°C and 1700°C. Microstructural examination and XRD results clearly show that the alloy in the as-cast condition exhibits a non-homogeneous microstructure with pronounced dendritic and interdendritic regions. Heat treatment processes, however, reveal a strong tendency of the alloy 20Mo–20W–20Al–20Cr–20Ti to homogenize. While possessing a high hardness of around 800HV, the crack-free indents allow the assumption that the alloy studied may be intrinsically ductile at room temperature. Despite the fact that the alloy possesses 40at.% of refractory elements, high temperature oxidation tests show a surprisingly good oxidation resistance. Strategies to enhance the long-term stability of the disordered BCC phase aiming at achieving the required mechanical properties as well as optimizing the alloy’s chemical composition in terms of high temperature oxidation resistance are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Optimization has seen only limited application in conceptual building design.•Looking at structure and energy together allows for navigation of design tradeoffs.•Multi-objective optimization can ...generate geometrically diverse, expressive forms.•Different climates can shift optimized building shapes in surprising ways.•Now, structure matters less than operational energy, but its impact will grow.
This paper addresses the potential of multi-objective optimization (MOO) in conceptual design to help designers generate and select solutions from a geometrically diverse range of high-performing building forms. With a focus on the long span building typology, this research employs a MOO approach that uses both finite element structural modeling and building energy simulations simultaneously to generate optimized building shapes that are not constrained to regular, rectilinear geometric configurations. Through a series of case studies that explore performance tradeoffs of enclosed arches and static overhangs in different climates, this paper shows how MOO can yield architecturally expressive, high-performing designs, which makes the process more attractive to designers searching for creative forms. It also provides new insight into specific design responses to various climatic constraints, since optimization that considers both structure and energy can shift best solutions in unexpected ways. Finally, by displaying performance results in terms of embodied and operational energy, this paper presents new data showing how considerations of structural material efficiency compare in magnitude to total building energy usage. Together, these three contributions can influence current sustainable design strategies for building typologies that have significant structural requirements.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Socially vulnerable communities may be at higher risk for COVID-19 outbreaks in the US. However, no prior studies examined temporal trends and differential effects of social vulnerability on COVID-19 ...incidence and death rates. Therefore, we examined temporal trends among counties with high and low social vulnerability to quantify disparities in trends over time.
We conducted a longitudinal analysis examining COVID-19 incidence and death rates from March 15 to December 31, 2020, for each US county using data from USAFacts. We classified counties using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a percentile-based measure from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with higher values indicating more vulnerability. Using a Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial model, we estimated daily risk ratios (RRs) comparing counties in the first (lower) and fourth (upper) SVI quartiles, adjusting for rurality, percentage in poor or fair health, percentage female, percentage of smokers, county average daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5), percentage of primary care physicians per 100,000 residents, daily temperature and precipitation, and proportion tested for COVID-19.
At the outset of the pandemic, the most vulnerable counties had, on average, fewer cases per 100,000 than least vulnerable SVI quartile. However, on March 28, we observed a crossover effect in which the most vulnerable counties experienced higher COVID-19 incidence rates compared to the least vulnerable counties (RR = 1.05, 95% PI: 0.98, 1.12). Vulnerable counties had higher death rates starting on May 21 (RR = 1.08, 95% PI: 1.00,1.16). However, by October, this trend reversed and the most vulnerable counties had lower death rates compared to least vulnerable counties.
The impact of COVID-19 is not static but can migrate from less vulnerable counties to more vulnerable counties and back again over time.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A
bstract
We compute the entanglement and Rényi entropy growth after a global quench in various dimensions in free scalar field theory. We study two types of quenches: a boundary state quench and a ...global mass quench. Both of these quenches are investigated for a strip geometry in 1, 2, and 3 spatial dimensions, and for a spherical geometry in 2 and 3 spatial dimensions. We compare the numerical results for massless free scalars in these geometries with the predictions of the analytical quasiparticle model based on EPR pairs, and find excellent agreement in the limit of large region sizes. At subleading order in the region size, we observe an anomalous logarithmic growth of entanglement coming from the zero mode of the scalar.
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