Volatiles in the headspace of beef cooked at 180°C were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the effects of aging were evaluated. ...Seventy volatile substances including non-aromatic, homocyclic, and heterocyclic compounds were identified. A significant positive regression model for storage could be adopted for toluene, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-formylfuran, pyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2-acetylthiazole, and 2-formyl-3-methylthiophene. Increases in the quantity of these compounds, with the exception of toluene, suggest the importance of the Strecker and Maillard reactions in cooked meat previously aged under vacuum conditions. As such, the aging process may lead to an increase not only in the amount of compounds related to the taste of meat, but also in the quantity of odor-active compounds. The increased quantity of toluene during storage seemed to be influenced by lipid oxidation.
•Volatiles from beef cooked at 180°C were identified using SPME–GCMS.•The quantity of some heterocyclic compounds increased owing to aging.•Pyrazines were the most notable compounds in the heterocyclic compounds that increased during storage.
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For the net count calculation method, decision thresholds of net numbers of counts are underestimated if the gross numbers of counts are below numbers of detector background counts. A priori ...knowledge of non-negative radioactivity was used to estimate interferences and the memory effect. The baselines of decision thresholds are estimated by the spectrum of a hypothetical sample in which net numbers of counts were all equal to zero. No decision thresholds for low count samples are below the baselines.
•Decision thresholds are underestimated if negative values of interferences are used.•Decision thresholds for very low counts can be estimated by a Bayesian approach.•The lowest decision threshold is depended only on the detector background.•Non-negative values should be applied to interference and memory effect corrections.•No decision thresholds are found to be underestimated for low count samples.
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The low-energy sputtering of carbon material under Xe ion bombardment is studied through the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. For the normal incidence of Xe, the MD result of sputtering yield ...almost agrees with the experimental result by Williams et al. (AIAA-2004-3788). However, the experimental result shows a less incident angle dependence than the MD result because the experiment performed on a rough surface. It is found that the sputtered particles have memory of the projectile because the sputtered particles by the low-energy projectile undergo only a few collisions before the ejection. Low density of an amorphous carbon surface brings the decrease of the sputtering yield and the increase of high-energy sputtered atoms.
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Occlusion is known to influence the growth and development of the craniofacial complex. However, the consequences of occlusal hypofunction, or its recovery, on the amount of formation and development ...of alveolar bone and the jaw are not fully understood. Therefore, the present study was designed to elucidate the relationship between the occlusal stimuli and alveolar and jaw bone growth by the use of a hypofunction/recovered occlusal function model in growing rats. Bone histomorphometric analyses, including bone apposition rate and mineral apposition rate, were evaluated in double-labeled frontal sections of mandibular second molars. Results showed that occlusal hypofunction significantly suppressed alveolar and jaw bone formation compared with that in animals growing normally (p < 0.05). However, recovered occlusal function induced an enhancement in jaw bone formation. These results indicate the influence of occlusal function on alveolar and jaw bone formation during the growth period.
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5.
Molecular dynamics study on carbon film deposition Muramoto, T.; Hyakutake, T.; Nishida, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section B, Beam interactions with materials and atoms,
07/2011, Volume:
269, Issue:
14
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Hydrogen-free carbon film deposition is studied through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulation is performed for low-energy carbon particle impacts on carbon surfaces at room temperature. ...Deposition energy is considered up to E=100eV per carbon atom. Deposited surface is set into amorphous, and (111) surface of diamond crystal is considered in order to compare. For (111) surface, we found three characteristic regions. The deposition frequently results in the shallow trapping in E⩽20eV. In E⩾30eV, the deep trapping occurs about normal incidence, and the reflection appears about grazing incidence. For the amorphous surface, however, the reflection and the deep trapping are suppressed.
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We have calculated the sputtering yields of carbon and molybdenum under xenon ion bombardment by a Monte Carlo code ACAT which simulates binary collision events in solids. The yields of carbon ...calculated with ACAT differ from the experimental data below the threshold energy predicted from the semi-empirical formula proposed by Yamamura and Tawara. Meanwhile, the results of ACAT with 14% xenon atoms retained in graphite are in good agreement with the experimental data and the xenon retention in carbon plays an important role in reducing the threshold energy for carbon sputtering. In order to estimate the experimental sputtering yields of carbon, a simplified formula is proposed in the frame of the semi-empirical formula. The formula predicts the yield curve close to the reported sputtering yields of carbon for the condition that carbon target retains 14% xenon atoms.
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We calculated, with a dynamic Monte Carlo code ACAT-DIFFUSE, fluxes of thermal D
2 re-emission, reflection and segregated self-sputtering of D from a D
+ implanted wrought tungsten material during a ...time sequence of l00
eV D
+ implantation, post-implanted isothermal out-gassing and thermal desorption spectroscopy. The obtained result was in good agreement with an existing experiment if two different trap sites with de-trapping energy of 0.85
eV and 2.2
eV and density fraction of 0.05
D/W and 0.01
D/W were assumed to exist. The re-emission, reflection and self-sputtering fluxes in the implantation period were shown to be almost comparable. The integrated deuterium flux released in the same period was estimated. The amount of deuterium retained at 300
K was nearly six times higher than that at 473
K, which reflects the result that mobile atoms and atoms trapped in 0.85
eV trap existed abundantly at 300
K but scarcely at 473
K.
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Myostatin is a specific negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and is regarded as one of the most important factors for myogenesis. The aim of the current study was to analyze the developmental ...change in the gene expression of myostatin and an adipogenic transcription factor (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor λ2) in the semitendinosus muscle of Japanese Black Cattle throughout the whole life cycle. An additional aim was to compare the temporal expression patterns of myostatin and relevant myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) mRNA during muscle regeneration after frostbite injury at 16 mo of age. The developmental pattern of myostatin gene expression exhibited 2 peaks: the greatest expression occurred in utero (P <0.05) and the second greatest occurred at 16 mo of age (P <0.05). The greatest level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor λ2 expression was observed at 16 mo of age (P <0.05), which paralleled myostatin expression. During frostbite-induced muscle regeneration, gene expression for myostatin and 4 MRF; i.e., Myf5, MyoD, myogenin and MRF4, showed contrasting responses. Myostatin mRNA dramatically declined by 68.1 and 82.6% at 3 and 5 d after injury (P <0.05), respectively, which paralleled its protein expression, and was restored at 10 d. In contrast, the expressions of all 4 MRF mRNA were low initially but increased by 5 d after injury (P <0.05) and then remained constant or decreased slightly. These results suggest that myostatin may play a role in muscle marbling in the fattening period by decreasing myogenesis and increasing adipogenesis, and that the interaction between myostatin and MRF genes may take place at an early stage of skeletal muscle regeneration.
The electric plasma discharge method involves the application of a voltage between a cathode and anode in a conductive electrolytic solution to create a discharge plasma at the cathode. When certain ...material is used as the cathode, small droplets are emitted with the plasma discharge, and the melted droplets are rapidly cooled in the solution to form nanoscale particles of the material. In this work, nanoparticles of Al, Au, Si, and various alloys of between 100 nm and less than 10 nm in size were produced and characterized. Characterization of Si nanoparticles is especially important because their use in lithium batteries greatly influences battery performance. It was found by high resolution electron microscopy and microstructural surface analysis that oxidation layers of a few nm in thickness were formed on the surface of the Si nanoparticles.
The N terminus of the scrapie isoform of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) can be truncated without loss of scrapie infectivity and, correspondingly, the truncation of the N terminus of the cellular isoform, ...PrP(C), still permits conversion into PrP(Sc). To assess whether additional segments of the PrP molecule can be deleted, we previously removed regions of putative secondary structure in PrP(C); in the present study we found that deletion of each of the four predicted helices prevented PrP(Sc) formation, as did deletion of the stop transfer effector region and the C178A mutation. Removal of a 36-residue loop between helices 2 and 3 did not prevent formation of protease-resistant PrP; the resulting scrapie-like protein, designated PrP(Sc)106, contained 106 residues after cleavage of an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal sequence for glycolipid anchor addition. Addition of the detergent Sarkosyl to cell lysates solubilized PrP(Sc)106, which retained resistance to digestion by proteinase K. These results suggest that all the regions of proposed secondary structure in PrP are required for PrP(Sc) formation, as is the disulfide bond stabilizing helices 3 and 4. The discovery of PrP(Sc)106 should facilitate structural studies of PrP(Sc), investigations of the mechanism of PrP(Sc) formation, and the production of PrP(Sc)-specific antibodies
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