Kumbh Mela is the world’s largest pilgrimage gathering on the shores of the River Ganges. Drawing on Lefebvre’s (1991) trialectics of space framework, this paper interrogates the spatial dynamics of ...the Kumbh Mela through the spatial meanings espoused by local and international pilgrims. Accounting for dominant discourses that frame the event as occurring in and around a sacred waterscape, five focus groups with pilgrims were conducted at the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, India. The findings indicate that local pilgrims were aware of river pollution, but they used discursive strategies to decouple this material fact from their lived spiritual experiences; from this vantage point the sacred was believed to be insulated from the secular. International pilgrims’ perceptions significantly differed, from those of their local counterparts, in that the sacred waterscape was seen as polluted and the onus was on them to remedy what they believed locals had neglected to do; for this group cleaning the River was a sacred act. The findings indicate that despite the existence of dominant spatial conceptualisations of a sacred waterscape, through use of the space, new and often competing spatial meanings arise that illuminate our understanding of the human condition and the social relations therewithin.
Frailty is a reversible condition, which is strongly related to physical function and nutritional status. Different scales are used to screened older adults and their risk of being frail, however, ...Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) may be more adequate than others to measure physical function in exercise interventions and has been less studied. Thus, the main aims of our study were: (1) to describe differences in nutritional intakes by SPPB groups (robust, pre-frail and frail); (2) to study the relationship between being at risk of malnourishment and frailty; and (3) to describe differences in nutrient intake between those at risk of malnourishment and those without risk in the no-frail individuals. One hundred one participants (80.4 ± 6.0 year old) were included in this cross-sectional study. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to determine food intake and Mini Nutritional Assessment to determine malnutrition. Results revealed differences for the intake of carbohydrates,
-3 fatty acids (n3), and saturated fatty acids for frail, pre-frail, and robust individuals and differences in vitamin D intake between frail and robust (all
< 0.05). Those at risk of malnutrition were approximately 8 times more likely to be frail than those with no risk. Significant differences in nutrient intake were found between those at risk of malnourishment and those without risk, specifically in: protein, PUFA
-3, retinol, ascorbic acid, niacin equivalents, folic acid, magnesium, and potassium, respectively. Moreover, differences in alcohol were also observed showing higher intake for those at risk of malnourishment (all
< 0.05). In conclusion, nutrients related to muscle metabolism showed to have different intakes across SPPB physical function groups. The intake of these specific nutrients related with risk of malnourishment need to be promoted in order to prevent frailty.
Increased physical activity (PA) is a very important factor in a healthy aging lifestyle. Psychosocial factors have also a main role in the initiation and maintenance of this behavior, but nowadays ...its implications for frailty elderly people are unknown, therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the psychosociological variables of behavior change that influence the practice of (PA) in frail and prefrail elderly.
A total of 103 frail and pre-frail elderly people (72 females) participated in this cross-sectional study, on the framework of the EXERNET-Elder3.0 project. Age ranged from 68-94 years (mean = 80.4 ± 5.9 years). Individualized face-to-face interviews according to the constructs of the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM) (decisional balance (DB) and self-efficacy (SE), social support (SS) (family and friends) and outcome expectations (OE) were administered to all participants.
Significant differences were found in DB, perceived benefits (PBn), SE, family-related SS and OE as a function of stages of change (SoC) (p < 0.005), but no significant were found in perceived barriers (PBrr) (p = 0.259) and friends-related SS (p = 0.068). According to the Scheffé post-hoc test, those in advanced SoC (Action-Maintenance), scored higher than those in lower SoC (Precontemplation-Contemplation and Preparation).
The scores obtained from the study variables differed according to the SoC, supporting the external validity for the use of the TTM in frailty elderly. Further research is needed to determine the impact of PBrr and friends-related SS on this people, as well as to identify the validity of this model in the long-term in this population.
Tourists, workers, and business owners from diverse cultural backgrounds and social positions meet at tourism enclaves. Yet, the spatial layout of most enclaves encourages segregation instead of ...celebrating and benefiting from this diversity. This paper examines the genesis of enclave tourism boundaries. It proposes boundary-work as a sustainability practice to work out segregating propensities, and transform exclusionary boundaries or make them more permeable. Life story interviews in a Mexican Caribbean enclave revealed segregation's appalling consequences for workers, implicit costs for business owners, and the personal involvement of tourism actors in historical struggles over boundaries. This analysis constitutes a first step to untangle exclusionary propensities and render tourism boundaries more workable from a sustainability governance perspective. The paper explains the need for sustainable tourism research that identifies opportunities to: (1) address traumatic experiences born of discriminatory practices, (2) turn adversarial emotions between workers and business owners into productive collaborations across boundaries, and (3) challenge power asymmetries by providing tourism actors with knowledge about the physical, symbolic, and imaginary dimensions of boundaries. It concludes that the influence of any individual agent is profoundly limited; the transformation of long-standing boundaries demands a deliberate reformulation of sustainable tourism as a multi-dimensional decolonizing force.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
La realidad socio-espacial de varios centros patrimoniales en México y América Latina revela un hecho innegable: el turismo se ha convertido en un elemento clave de su planificación urbana. Las ...nuevas directivas de desarrollo adoptadas por algunos gobiernos de ciudades patrimoniales llevan a transformaciones espaciales, sociales y políticas que buscan responder a las expectativas de las clases medias transnacionales con mayor poder adquisitivo que sus habitantes originales y sus usuarios tradicionales. Este artículo explora el caso de dos ciudades mexicanas, San Miguel de Allende y Guanajuato. Metodológicamente, esta investigación adopta un enfoque cualitativo y analiza dos de las manifestaciones más importantes del turismo como un impulsor del desarrollo urbano en los centros históricos: la migración de estilo de vida y el turismo de lujo. Analizando esas ciudades, se identifican las principales transformaciones urbanas causadas por una gentrificación turística del patrimonio. Se usaron archivos históricos de 25 edificios protegidos para observar su cambio de uso. Otros métodos incluyeron datos estadísticos y observación de actividades públicas en cuatro plazas y dos ejes turístico-comerciales, para identificar nuevas prácticas de consumo y exclusión. Se propone el concepto de Gentrification Turística que conduce a la elitización de las ciudades patrimoniales, evidenciada por viviendas de lujo, especulación inmobiliaria, hoteles boutique, tiendas de lujo, galerías de arte y museos. La nueva clase de propietarios y usuarios del centro patrimonial cambia la identidad del lugar a través de sus reinterpretaciones de costumbres y arquitecturas. Como resultado la ciudad y el centro patrimonial se vuelven excluyentes de clases populares.
Globalizacija vpliva na mehiška mesta in ustvarja nove urbane strukture. Z oblikovanjem novih državljanskih praks globalizacija spreminja odnose, ki jih posamezniki vzpostavijo do določenega območja. ...Na podlagi multidisciplinarnega pristopa avtorja teoretično analizirata nove razmere v mehiških starih mestnih jedrih, ki so jih povzročili izzivi, povezani z njihovo razglasitvijo za območja svetovne dediščine. Pri tem uporabljata teoretični konstrukt, s katerim predstavita določene vidike realnosti v mehiških mestih, ki se nanašajo na oblikovanje demokratičnih in participativnih državljanskih praks. Pojav analizirata na podlagi dveh teoretičnih izhodišč: (a) procesa spreminjanja v območje svetovne dediščine (to je turizma in gentrifikacije) in (b) teorije družbenega kapitala. Ugotovitve kažejo, da nove razmere izražajo prostorsko, časovno in gospodarsko preobrazbo območja dediščine. V starih mestnih jedrih politični akterji in ustanove spodbujajo centralistični, nadnacionalni in mestni konservatorski razvoj. Nastaja urbanizem, ki daje prednost ohranjanju v korist turistov ter škodo zadovoljstva, uporabe in sodelovanja lokalnega prebivalstva. Poleg tega procesi izključevanja in gentrifikacije razjedajo družbeno tkivo in ogrožajo državljanstvo.
Contemplation of death increases support of ingroup ideologies, a result explained by proponents of terror management theory (TMT) as an attempt to buffer existential anxiety. While TMT claims that ...only death-salient stimuli yield such effects, an evolutionary perspective suggests that increased intergroup bias may occur in response to a wide variety of situations that, in ancestral environments, posed adaptive problems for which marshaling social support was a reliably adaptive response. Four experiments from two cultures produced results consistent with this latter perspective but contrary to TMT. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that, among UCLA undergraduates, participants asked to contemplate aversive scenarios unrelated to death displayed increased support of ingroup ideology. Studies 3 and 4 replicated elements of these results, exploring the moderating effects of self-esteem and collectivism on intergroup bias in two Costa Rican samples. These results indicate that worldview defense effects occur even when death is not salient.
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Background: Physical fitness levels and the amount of accumulated adipose tissue (fatness) relate to current and future individuals’ heath status. Nevertheless, the interrelationships of their ...combined patterns with polypharmacy and the types of medications consumed have not been sufficiently investigated. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in six Spanish regions between 2008 and 2009 with a sample of older community-dwelling adults (≥65 years old) without dementia or cancer. Fitness was measured with one-leg balance and senior fitness tests, as well as by measuring weight and fat mass with a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more medications. An analysis of variance was performed for comparisons between the physical fitness and fatness patterns and the medication consumed. Results: A total of 1709 elders were included in the study (72.1 ± 5.2 years). The two unfit patterns were those with the highest drug consumption. The High-Fat–Unfit pattern was the one that had the most significant consumption and had the highest percentage of polymedicated subjects. The Low-Fat–Fit pattern had a significantly lower percentage of people that did not consume any medications. The highest percentages of drug consumption in 7 of the 10 groups that were included were concentrated in the two unfit patterns. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of fitness in older adults, as it is at least as important as the avoidance of accumulation of excess fat with respect to the consumption of a smaller number of medicines.
Gender differences in strategic interests provide a theoretical framework to account for the heterogeneous landscape of gender differences in political preferences. Men's greater scores on social ...dominance orientation are consistent with a preference for social hierarchy, and women's greater scores on sexual disgust, a construct tapping aversions to sexually adventurous behavior, are consistent with a preference for restricted sexuality. We analyze how these psychological motives relate to political orientation (N=757) and find that (a) there are indirect effects of gender on conservatism through social dominance orientation and sexual disgust, (b) there is a suppressor effect such that controlling for the indirect effect through sexual disgust leads the direct effect of gender to become substantially larger, (c) gender moderates the effect of sexual disgust on conservatism such that sexual disgust is a stronger predictor of conservatism among women, and (d) conservative moral foundations mediate the effect of sexual disgust on political conservatism.
•After controlling for sexual disgust, men become more conservative than women.•Social dominance is a stronger predictor of binding morality among men.•Sexual disgust is a stronger predictor of conservatism among women.•Binding morality mediates the effect of sexual disgust on conservatism.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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