Transnational gentrification has become a key element of urban and sociocultural transformations in several Latin American countries. New urban policies and transnational real estate markets adapt ...the city in order to respond to the expectations of transnational middle classes. This paper explores the case of San Miguel de Allende in Mexico. Methodologically, it adopts a qualitative approach and analyses two of the most important manifestations of transnational gentrification: lifestyle migration and luxury tourism. Historical files on protected buildings in San Miguel de Allende’s historic centre were used to observe functional alterations. This is supplemented with other statistical data (including the spatial pattern of Airbnb rentals) and direct observations of public spaces. I propose that transnational gentrification leads to a heritage-led transnationalisation of real estate, evidenced by luxury housing, boutique hotels, art galleries and other high culture spaces that cater to higher-income lifestyle migrants and tourists. As a result, the new class of owners and users changes the place’s identity, which has implications for lower-income groups’ right to the city. The process in San Miguel de Allende is analogous to processes in cities such as London, New York or Paris, where notions of heritage urbanism have also helped transnationalise local real estate markets. However, it also evinces other processes that are more difficult to appreciate in the Global North (growing rent gaps, real estate companies’ aggressive pursuit of gentrification and deep historical inequalities that are exacerbated by heritage-led gentrification).
跨国绅士化已经成为几个拉丁美洲国家城市和社会文化变革的一个关键因素。新的城市政策和跨国房地产市场使城市适应跨国中产阶级的期望。本文探讨了墨西哥圣米格尔德阿连德（San Miguel de Allende）的案例。在方法上，本文采用定性方法，分析了跨国绅士化的两个最重要的表现形式：生活方式迁移和奢华旅游。圣米格尔德阿连德历史中心受保护建筑的历史档案被用来观察功能的改变。此外还有其他统计数据（包括爱彼迎租赁的空间规律）和对公共空间的直接观察。我认为，跨国绅士化导致文化遗产主导的房地产跨国化，豪华住宅、精品酒店、美术馆和其他迎合高收入生活方式移民和游客的高文化空间就是明证。结果，新的所有者和使用者阶层改变了地方的身份，从而影响低收入群体对城市的权利。圣米格尔德阿连德的过程类似于伦敦、纽约或巴黎等城市的过程，在这些城市，文化遗产城市化的理念推动了当地房地产市场的跨国化。然而，本文还显示了在全球北方更难以理解的其他过程，例如租金差距日益扩大，房地产公司积极追求绅士化，以及历史上根深蒂固的不平等因文化遗产主导的绅士化而加剧。
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Archetypes are increasingly used as a methodological approach to understand recurrent patterns in variables and processes that shape the sustainability of social-ecological systems. The rapid growth ...and diversification of archetype analyses has generated variations, inconsistencies, and confusion about the meanings, potential, and limitations of archetypes. Based on a systematic review, a survey, and a workshop series, we provide a consolidated perspective on the core features and diverse meanings of archetype analysis in sustainability research, the motivations behind it, and its policy relevance. We identify three core features of archetype analysis: recurrent patterns, multiple models, and intermediate abstraction. Two gradients help to apprehend the variety of meanings of archetype analysis that sustainability researchers have developed: (1) understanding archetypes as building blocks or as case typologies and (2) using archetypes for pattern recognition, diagnosis, or scenario development. We demonstrate how archetype analysis has been used to synthesize results from case studies, bridge the gap between global narratives and local realities, foster methodological interplay, and transfer knowledge about sustainability strategies across cases. We also critically examine the potential and limitations of archetype analysis in supporting evidence-based policy making through context-sensitive generalizations with case-level empirical validity. Finally, we identify future priorities, with a view to leveraging the full potential of archetype analysis for supporting sustainable development.
La hibridación de políticas urbanas y culturales adaptan las ciudades a las expectativas de estilo de vida de las clases medias nacionales y transnacionales. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el contraste ...entre el discurso y la práctica de las políticas culturales vistas desde el campo del urbanismo. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de la imagen de San Miguel de Allende producida por políticas urbanas y proyectos culturales basados en la migración por estilo de vida y el turismo como modelos de desarrollo urbano. Se encontró que esas políticas, conducidas por la transnacionalización y por una visión gubernamental empresarial, acentúan las desigualdades urbanas.
From Resilience to Transformation Pelling, Mark; Manuel-Navarrete, David
Ecology and society,
06/2011, Volume:
16, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Climate change is but one expression of the internal contradictions of capitalism that include also economic inequality and political alienation. Seen in this way analysis of human responses to ...climate change must engage with social relations of power. We explore the potential for resilience theory to meet this challenge by applying a framework that integrates the adaptive cycle heuristic and structuration theory to place power at the heart of the analysis and question the transformational qualities of social systems facing climate change. This theoretical frame is applied to Mahahual and Playa del Carmen, two rapidly expanding towns on Mexico’s Caribbean coast. The resilience lens is successful in highlighting internal contradictions that maintain social relations of rigidity above flexibility in the existing governance regimes and development pathway. This generates a set of reinforcing institutions and actions that support the status quo while simultaneously undermining long-term flexibility, equitable and sustainable development. One outcome is the placing of limits on scope for adaptation and mitigation to climate change which are externalized from everyday life and development planning alike.
Este artículo aborda el tema de la población afrodescendiente en la minería de la Nueva España en la segunda mitad del siglo xviii. Con base en dos censos parroquiales realizados en 1768, se ...documenta y analiza la destacada participación de dicho segmento social en la economíadel distrito de Pachuca-Real del Monte, importante zona productora de plata del centro de México. Si bien la presencia de los afrodescendientes en los espacios mineros novohispanos es un hecho reconocido por los historiadores, no se ha investigado con la amplitud y profundidad que amerita. A partir del estudio de caso seleccionado, el artículo busca contribuir a la correcta valoración de la agencia social y económica de la población afrodescendiente y a cuestionar la condición marginal a la que se le ha relegado, incluso respecto de otros grupos subalternos. También se propone coadyuvar al conocimiento y la comprensión de la minería novohispana desde perspectivas más amplias e integrales y, dada la relevancia del sector extractivo en el conjunto del virreinato, a construir un relato histórico más inclusivo de la sociedad y la economía del México colonial.
Double coupling Manuel-Navarrete, David
Ecology and society,
09/2015, Volume:
20, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Social-ecological organization is a multidimensional phenomenon that combines material and symbolic processes. However, the coupling between social and ecological subsystem is often conceptualized as ...purely material, thus reducing the symbolic dimension to its behavioral and actionable expressions. In this paper I conceptualize social-ecological systems as doubly coupled. On the one hand, material expressions of socio-cultural processes affect and are affected by ecological dynamics. On the other hand, coupled social-ecological material dynamics are concurrently coupled with subjective dynamics via coding, decoding, personal experience, and human agency. This second coupling operates across two organizationally heterogeneous dimensions: material and symbolic. Although resilience thinking builds on the recognition of organizational asymmetry between living and nonliving systems, it has overlooked the equivalent asymmetry between ecological and socio-cultural subsystems. Three guiding concepts are proposed to formalize double coupling. The first one, social-ecological asymmetry, expands on past seminal work on ecological self-organization to incorporate reflexivity and subjectivity in social-ecological modeling. Organizational asymmetry is based in the distinction between social rules, which are symbolically produced and changed through human agents’ reflexivity and purpose, and biophysical rules, which are determined by functional relations between ecological components. The second guiding concept, conscious power, brings to the fore human agents’ distinctive capacity to produce our own subjective identity and the consequences of this capacity for social-ecological organization. The third concept, congruence between subjective and objective dynamics, redefines sustainability as contingent on congruent relations between material and symbolic processes. Social-ecological theories and analyses based on these three guiding concepts would support the integration of current structuralist-functionalist methods, which sufficiently and appropriately characterize ecological organization, with ethnographic and narrative methods exploring human intentionality, reflexivity, and biographical development.
Experimentally investigating the relationship between moral judgment and action is difficult when the action of interest entails harming others. We adopt a new approach to this problem by placing ...subjects in an immersive, virtual reality environment that simulates the classic "trolley problem." In this moral dilemma, the majority of research participants behaved as "moral utilitarians," either (a) acting to cause the death of one individual in order to save the lives of five others, or (b) abstaining from action, when that action would have caused five deaths versus one. Confirming the emotional distinction between moral actions and omissions, autonomic arousal was greater when the utilitarian outcome required action, and increased arousal was associated with a decreased likelihood of utilitarian-biased behavior. This pattern of results held across individuals of different gender, age, and race.
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This systematic review was conducted to examine the cost-effectiveness of exercise interventions in community-dwelling older adults. A systematic search for articles published in English or Spanish ...was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library that covered the period from the respective start date of each database to October 2021. Methodological quality was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and quality of economic evaluation with the Quality of Health Economic Studies and Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards. A total of 12 out of 15 studies on exercise programmes for older adults reported cost-effective results. The most cost-effective training appears to be a multicomponent training programme, including aerobic exercise, muscle-strengthening of lower extremities, and balance and stretching training. The training methodology should be of progressive moderate or vigorous intensity performed at least twice per week with each session lasting 60 min for ≥6 months. The exercise programme should be delivered as a group-based intervention, doing extra exercise at home to increase the cost-effectiveness. These findings suggest that exercise interventions in non-institutionalized older people are a cost-effective tool. Sex, age, cognitive status, frailty, frequency and training duration could modify the cost-effectiveness of exercise interventions.
Systematic review registration. PROSPERO CRD42021231530 (date of registration: 20/02/2021).
•A multicomponent programme appears to be the most cost-effective training to elder.•Gender, age, frailty, and cognitive status modify the cost-effectiveness.•Methodological aspects of training may be related with cost-effective results.•Exercise interventions show a higher cost-effectiveness than usual care.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The social science literature contains numerous examples of human tribalism and parochialism—the tendency to categorize individuals on the basis of their group membership, and treat ingroup members ...benevolently and outgroup members malevolently. We hypothesize that this tribal inclination is an adaptive response to the threat of coalitional aggression and intergroup conflict perpetrated by ‘warrior males’ in both ancestral and modern human environments. Here, we describe how male coalitional aggression could have affected the social psychologies of men and women differently and present preliminary evidence from experimental social psychological studies testing various predictions from the ‘male warrior’ hypothesis. Finally, we discuss the theoretical implications of our research for studying intergroup relations both in humans and non-humans and discuss some practical implications.
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La desigualdad urbana en los centros patrimoniales se ve marcada por la implantación de equipamientos turísticos, culturales y de servicios de alta gama que generan atmósferas aseptizadas y ...cosmopolitas en espacios históricamente populares y heterogéneos. Esos llamados “rescates” de los centros históricos pueden explicarse en parte por la presencia de poblaciones extranjeras, sean residentes secundarios o turistas. En el siglo xxi, esa presencia esconde procesos complejos que conducen a la acentuación de las desigualdades urbanas bajo la tutela del Estado, del mercado y de actores locales y globales. Es una transformación económica, social, espacial y política que excluye a los habitantes y usuarios tradicionales de los centros históricos de las ciudades mexicanas quienes se ven despojados del goce patrimonial.
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