The concept of molecular packing parameter is widely invoked in the literature to explain, rationalize and even predict molecular self-assembly in surfactant solutions. The molecular packing ...parameter is defined as v o/a e l o, where v o is the surfactant tail volume, l o is the tail length, and a e is the equilibrium area per molecule at the aggregate surface. A particular value of the molecular packing parameter can be translated via simple geometrical relations into specific shape and size of the equilibrium aggregate. This is the predictive application of the concept of molecular packing parameter, as discussed in the literature. In calculating the packing parameter, the dominant notion in the literature is that the surfactant headgroup determines the surface area per molecule of equilibrium aggregates a e. It follows that, given a headgroup, the molecular packing parameter v o/a e l o is fixed, because the volume-to-length ratio (v o/l o) of the tail is a constant independent of the tail length for common surfactants. Therefore, in this view, the surfactant tail has no role in determining the size and shape of equilibrium aggregates. We show that this is contrary to fact, by focusing on the neglected role of the surfactant tail. Illustrative calculations are presented in this paper to demonstrate that the surfactant tail does also control equilibrium aggregate structures. It is shown that the role of the tail can be either explicit via modification of the area a e and thus of the packing parameter, or implicit via other means, without modifying a e or the packing parameter.
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Information-based decision-making during drought, often brings out some of the excellent practices that are prevalent in society / individuals. This book is designed to provide information on the ...drought process, meteorological, hydrological, agriculture, socio-economic aspects and available technologies such as satellite remote sensing data analysis and Geographical Information system for assessment. Assessment procedures utilising the various parameters of importance from various sources for micro level management that would enhance the effectiveness of management practice are dealt in detail. Resource availability and affected group determine the relief assistance for the present event and information that would help them in their realisation and preparedness for the forthcoming years by select countries is highlighted. This would help in the formulation of schemes for event mitigation and area development plans. The readers would gain complete knowledge on drought. This book is expected to act as a guide in preparing people as effective natural resource utilizationist under drought situations.
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The concentrations of nine trace metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Cd, and Pb) were measured in different tissues of two pelagic and five demersal fish species collected from the Miri coast, ...Sarawak. The sequence of accumulation of trace metals in different tissues were: liver > gill > gonad > muscle. Zn (301.00 μg g−1) and Cd (0.10 μg g−1) was the maximum and minimum accumulated elements. According to the Hazard Index calculation, none of the elements will pose any adverse health effects to humans for both ingestion rates (normal and habitual fish consumers) proposed by USEPA, except for Pb and Cd in certain fish species. On the basis of the results, the level of elements in the edible muscle tissues of all the analyzed fish species from the Miri coast are below the maximum permissible limits of Malaysian and International seafood guideline values and safe for consumers.
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•Nine trace metals were analyzed in seven commercially important fish species.•Liver accumulates higher concentration of metals compared to other organs.•The body size of the fish species play a significant role in the bioaccumulation of elements.•The trace metal concentration was higher in the demersal species compared to pelagic species.•Based on risk assessment calculation, none of the elements will pose any adverse health effects to humans.
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Heavily F-doped SnO2 nanocrystals were successfully prepared by a novel synthetic approach involving low-temperature oxidation of a Sn2+-containing fluoride complex KSnF3 as the single-source ...precursor with H2O2. The F-doped SnO2 powder was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, TG-MS, BET surface area, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, XPS, PL, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM. Broadening of the diffracted peaks, signifying the low crystallite size of the products, was quite evident in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of SnO2 obtained from KSnF3. It was indexed in a tetragonal unit cell with lattice constants a = 4.7106 (1) Å and c = 3.1970 (1) Å. Agglomeration of particles, with an average diameter of 5–7 nm, was observed in the TEM images whose spotwise EDX analysis indicated the presence of fluoride ions. In the core level high-resolution F 1s spectrum, the peak observed at 685.08 eV was fitted by the Gaussian profile yielding the fluoride ion concentration to be 21.23% in the SnO2 lattice. Such a high fluoride ion concentration is reported for the first time in powders. SnO2:F nanocrystals showed greater thermal stability up to 300 °C when heated in a thermobalance under flowing helium, after which generation of small quantities of HF was observed in the TG coupled mass spectrometry analysis. The band gap value, estimated from the Kubelka–Munk function, showed a large shift from 3.52 to 3.87 eV on fluoride ion doping, as observed in the diffuse reflectance spectrum. Such a large shift was corroborated to the overdoped situation due to the Moss–Burstein effect with an increase in the carrier concentration. In the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, SnO2:F nanocrystals exhibited a broad green emission arising from the singly ionized oxygen vacancies created due to higher dopant concentration. The evidence for singly ionized vacancies was arrived from the presence of a signal with a g value of 1.98 in the ESR spectrum of SnO2:F at room temperature. The disordered nature of the rutile lattice and the enormous oxygen vacancies created due to fluoride ion doping were evident from the broad bands observed at 455, 588, and 874 cm–1 in the room-temperature Raman spectrum of SnO2:F. As the consequence of the oxygen vacancies, F-doped SnO2 was examined for the function as a photocatalyst in the degradation of aqueous RhB dye solution under UV irradiation. A very high photocatalytic efficiency was observed for the F-doped SnO2 nanocrystals as compared to pure SnO2. The BET surface area of pure SnO2 was quite high (207.81 m2/g) as compared to the F-doped SnO2 nanocrystals (45.16 m2/g). Pore size analysis showed a mean pore diameter of 1.97 and 13.97 nm for the pure and doped samples. The increased photocatalytic efficiency was related to the very high concentration of oxygen vacancies in SnO2 induced by F doping.
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Wireless networking is now central to modern life, and is anticipated to become ever more pervasive. Therefore, there may be several possible uses for combining lightweight fabric antennas. A ...flexible fabric is used to increase convenience, and the inclusion of antennas in garments ensures they do not have to be hand-held. Wireless deployment, a single-feed and a dual-frequency H-shaped antenna is presented. The transmitting model is used to build the H-shaped antenna. Varying the dual frequency is achieved with the aid of a capacitive range between 3.85 and 1.88 pF and a Zener diode. The operating frequencies for the cellular implementations of the H-shaped antenna are 2.5–4.5 GHz. The configuration of the antenna is built on an 80 mm × 60 mm dielectric by using FR4 epoxy substrate; the scale of the switch dimension is 0.7 mm × 1.4 mm with relative permittivity of 3.68 and the height of the substratum is 1.6 mm. The patch of the planned structure is supplied by a 50 ohm matching impedance co-axial cable. In this research work the proposed antenna structure gain is 8.2 dBi (86%) for wireless devices. Under the current structure, the high and minimal return losses are from –39.05 to –18.68 dB. The highest and lowest Voltage Standing Wave Ratio values of the proposed structure are 1.78 and 1.02, respectively.
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Cumin seed oil (extracted from
) has many applications but conclusive evidence of its therapeutic uses has not been presented. This study has explored the anticancer and antibacterial properties of ...the seed oil.
The cumin nanoemulsion was prepared with Tween 80 non-ionic surfactant employing ultra-sonication technology. The anticancer activity of the nanoscale-based emulsion was evaluated through cell viability (MTT), antiproliferation evaluation through clonogenic assay, and apoptosis through Annexin V-FITC assay. Agar well diffusion was used to study the antimicrobial activity, and this was supported by membrane integrity analysis.
A thorough study of process parameters, aimed at obtaining the optimal surface concentration and emulsification time, was completed. GC-MS data indicated cumaldehyde as a major component. The resultant droplet diameter after a sonication time of 5 min was 10.4 ± 0.5 nm. MTT assay revealed the IC
value at 1.5 µL/mL and the early induction of apoptosis was evident. Tongue carcinoma cell line treated with cumin nanoemulsion presented a diminished colony formation. The nanoemulsion exhibited significant antibacterial activity against
. A significant cytoplasmic leakage was observed on treatment with cumin nanoemulsion. The consequences of the analysis projected cumin as a potential component for cancer therapy.
This study provides definitive evidence for cumin essential oil nanoemulsion as a legitimate plant-based medicine that can bypass the drawbacks of the present aggressive treatment of cancer, can overcome the antimicrobial resistance, and can also meet all prerequisites.
Household environment condition is an important predictor of morbidity of the household members. Without forming a healthy household environment, creating a healthy population is not possible. In ...this background, this study assesses the impact of change in household environment conditions on morbidity.
For the empirical analysis purpose of this study, we used two waves of longitudinal data from India Human Development Survey (2004-05, 2011-12). This study is based on 34131 re-contacted households in 2011-12 from the base year 2005. The bivariate and ANOVA tests were performed to assess any short-term morbidity (diarrhoea, fever and cough) with respect to change in household environment condition from 2005 to 2011. The multivariate linear regression was performed to assess the impact of change in household environment conditions on morbidity. The multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the impact of change in household environment condition on change in morbidity.
The results from multivariate linear regression have shown that the share of household members fell sick due to any short-term morbidity (ASM) was significantly lower (β = -0.060, P<0.001) among the households who lived in clean environment condition in both the periods, 2004-05 and in 2011-12 as compared to those who were living in poor environment condition in both periods net of other socio-economic characteristics of the households. The share of household members fell sick due to any short-term morbidity has significantly declined (β = -0.051, P<0.001) among the household whose household environment condition has changed from poor in 2004-05 to clean environment in 2011-12 as compared to the households who have lived in poor environment condition in both periods in 2004-05 and 2011-12. The results of adjusted percentage from multinomial logistic regression have shown that the household members who fell sick with ASM was remained higher (4.9%; P<0.05) among the households whose environment condition was remained poor in both years in 2005 and 2011 as compared to the other households (2.7%) who remained in the better-off condition in both years in 2005 and 2011.
Considering the findings of the study, we suggest that ongoing government flagships programmes such as Swacch Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (Prime Minister Clean Energy Scheme) and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Prime Minister Housing Scheme), and Jal Jeevan Mission (Improved Source of Drinking Water Scheme) should work in tandem to improve household environment conditions.
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A general methodology for the precise control of the final product composition in the copper sulfide system has been established for the first time. Cu2S, prepared by the dissociation of Cu(tu)3Cl in ...ethylenediamine, was subjected to controlled chemical oxidation by iodine to obtain Cu2–x (x = 0.2, 0.25, 0.88, 1.0) at room temperature. The compositions were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, ICP spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements.
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This book covers all areas of smart antennas, electromagnetic interference, and microwave antennas for wireless communications. Smart antennas or adaptive antennas are multi-antenna components on one ...or both sides of a radio communication connection, combined with advanced signal processing algorithms. They've evolved into a critical technology for third-generation and beyond mobile communication systems to meet their lofty capacity and performance targets. It seems that a significant capacity gain is achievable, particularly if they are employed on both sides of the connection. There are several essential characteristics of these systems that need scientific and technical investigation. Included in the book are beamforming, massive MIMO, network MIMO, mmwave transmission, compressive sensing, MIMO radar, sensor networks, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, location, and machine learning.
This book covers all areas of smart antennas, electromagnetic interference, and microwave antennas for wireless communications.
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