Although neonates and children with congenital heart disease are primarily hospitalized for cardiac and pulmonary diseases, they are also at an increased risk for neurologic injury due to both ...empiric differences that can exist in their nervous systems and acquired injury from cardiopulmonary pathology and interventions. Although early efforts in care focused on survival after reparative cardiac surgery, as surgical and anesthetic techniques have evolved and survival rates accordingly improved, the focus has now shifted to maximizing outcomes among survivors. Children and neonates with congenital heart disease experience seizures and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes at a higher rate than age-matched counterparts. The aim of neuromonitoring is to help clinicians identify patients at highest risk for these outcomes to implement strategies to mitigate these risks and to also help with neuroprognostication after an injury has occurred. The mainstays of neuromonitoring are (1) electroencephalographic monitoring to evaluate brain activity for abnormal patterns or changes and to identify seizures, (2) neuroimaging to reveal structural changes and evidence of physical injury in and around the brain, and (3) near-infrared spectroscopy to monitor brain tissue oxygenation and detect changes in perfusion. This review will detail the aforementioned techniques and their use in the care of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
OBJECTIVES:Treatment algorithms for cardiac arrest are rescuer centric and vary little from patient to patient. The objective of this study was to determine if cardiopulmonary resuscitation–targeted ...to arterial blood pressure and coronary perfusion pressure rather than optimal guideline care would improve 24-hour survival in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest.
DATA SOURCES:Preclinical animal laboratory using female 3-month-old swine.
STUDY SELECTION:A randomized interventional study.
DATA EXTRACTION:After induction of anesthesia and 7 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation, 16 female 3-month-old swine were randomized to 1) blood pressure caretitration of chest compression depth to a systolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg and vasopressor dosing to maintain coronary perfusion pressure of greater than 20 mm Hg or 2) guideline carechest compression depth targeted to 51 mm and standard guideline vasopressor dosing. Animals received manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation for 10 minutes before the first defibrillation attempt and standardized postresuscitation care for 24 hours.
DATA SYNTHESIS:Twenty-four–hour survival was more likely with blood pressure care versus guideline care (0/8 vs 5/8; p < 0.03), and all survivors had normal neurologic examinations. Mean coronary perfusion pressure prior to defibrillation was significantly higher with blood pressure care (28 ± 3 vs 10 ± 6 mm Hg; p < 0.01). Chest compression depth was lower with blood pressure care (48 ± 0.4 vs 44 ± 0.5 mm Hg; p < 0.05), and the number of vasopressor doses was higher with blood pressure care (median, 3 range, 1–7 vs 2 range, 2–2; p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS:Individualized goal-directed hemodynamic resuscitation targeting systolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg and coronary perfusion pressure of greater than 20 mm Hg improved 24-hour survival compared with guideline care in this model of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest.
Abstract Objectives The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society recommends continuous electroencephalographic monitoring after neonatal cardiac surgery because seizures are common, often ...subclinical, and associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes. We performed a quality improvement project to monitor for postoperative seizures in neonates with congenital heart disease after surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods We implemented routine continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and reviewed the results for an 18-month period. Clinical data were collected by chart review, and continuous electroencephalographic tracings were interpreted using standardized American Clinical Neurophysiology Society terminology. Electrographic seizures were classified as electroencephalogram-only or electroclinical seizures. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations between seizures and potential clinical and electroencephalogram predictors. Results A total of 161 of 172 eligible neonates (94%) underwent continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. Electrographic seizures occurred in 13 neonates (8%) beginning at a median of 20 hours after return to the intensive care unit after surgery. Neonates with all types of congenital heart disease had seizures. Seizures were electroencephalogram only in 11 neonates (85%). Status epilepticus occurred in 8 neonates (62%). In separate multivariate models, delayed sternal closure or longer deep hypothermic circulatory arrest duration was associated with an increased risk for seizures. Mortality was higher among neonates with than without seizures (38% vs 3%, P < .001). Conclusions Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring identified seizures in 8% of neonates after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The majority of seizures had no clinical correlate and would not have been otherwise identified. Seizure occurrence is a marker of greater illness severity and increased mortality. Further study is needed to determine whether seizure identification and management lead to improved outcomes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction early after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) increases post-operative morbidity. We investigated associations of circulating biomarkers and socioeconomic factors with ...early post-operative RV systolic function. Single-center prospective cohort study of infants undergoing TOF repair. Six serologic biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis and wall stress collected at the time of surgery were measured with immunoassay. Geocoding was performed for socioeconomic factors. Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models identified factors associated with RV function parameters: fractional area change (FAC), global longitudinal strain and strain rate, and free wall strain and strain rate. Seventy-one patients aged 3.5 months (IQR 2.4, 5.2) were included. Galectin-3 was the highest ranked predictor for FAC, global longitudinal strain, and free wall strain, and procollagen type-I carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) was the highest ranked predictor for global longitudinal strain rate and free wall strain rate. Several neighborhood characteristics were also highly ranked. Models adjusted
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ranged from 0.71 to 0.85 (FAC, global longitudinal strain/strain rate), and 0.55–0.57 (RV free wall strain/strain rate). A combination of serologic biomarkers, socioeconomic, and clinical variables explain a significant proportion of the variability in RV function after TOF repair. These factors may inform pre-operative risk-stratification for these patients.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
There are conflicting data regarding the benefit of compression-only bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CO-CPR) compared with CPR with rescue breathing (RB-CPR) after pediatric out-of-hospital ...cardiac arrest (OHCA).
This study sought to test the hypothesis that RB-CPR is associated with improved neurologically favorable survival compared with CO-CPR following pediatric OHCA, and to characterize age-stratified outcomes with CPR type compared with no bystander CPR (NO-CPR).
Analysis of the CARES registry (Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival) for nontraumatic pediatric OHCAs (patients aged ≤18 years) from 2013-2019 was performed. Age groups included infants (<1 year), children (1 to 11 years), and adolescents (≥12 years). The primary outcome was neurologically favorable survival at hospital discharge.
Of 13,060 pediatric OHCAs, 46.5% received bystander CPR. CO-CPR was the most common bystander CPR type. In the overall cohort, neurologically favorable survival was associated with RB-CPR (adjusted OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.78-2.62) and CO-CPR (adjusted OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.34-1.94) compared with NO-CPR. RB-CPR was associated with a higher odds of neurologically favorable survival compared with CO-CPR (adjusted OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.10-1.68). In age-stratified analysis, RB-CPR was associated with better neurologically favorable survival versus NO-CPR in all age groups. CO-CPR was associated with better neurologically favorable survival compared with NO-CPR in children and adolescents, but not in infants.
CO-CPR was the most common type of bystander CPR in pediatric OHCA. RB-CPR was associated with better outcomes compared with CO-CPR. These results support present guidelines for RB-CPR as the preferred CPR modality for pediatric OHCA.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
IMPORTANCE: There are few data on the prevalence or outcome of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) in children 18 years and younger. OBJECTIVE: To characterize BCPR in pediatric ...out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This analysis of the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival database investigated nontraumatic OHCAs in children 18 years and younger from January 2013 through December 2015. EXPOSURES: Bystander CPR, which included conventional CPR and compression-only CPR. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Overall survival and neurologically favorable survival, defined as a Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 or 2, at the time of hospital discharge. RESULTS: Of the 3900 children younger than 18 years with OHCA, 2317 (59.4%) were infants, 2346 (60.2%) were female, and 3595 (92.2%) had nonshockable rhythms. Bystander CPR was performed on 1814 children (46.5%) and was more common for white children (687 of 1221 56.3%) compared with African American children (447 of 1134 39.4%) and Hispanic children (197 of 455 43.3%) (P < .001). Overall survival and neurologically favorable survival were 11.3% (440 of 3900) and 9.1% (354 of 3900), respectively. On multivariable analysis, BCPR was independently associated with improved overall survival (adjusted proportion, 13.2%; 95% CI, 11.81-14.58; adjusted odds ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.25-1.96) and neurologically favorable survival (adjusted proportion, 10.3%; 95% CI, 9.10-11.54; adjusted odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.21-1.98) compared with no BCPR (overall survival: adjusted proportion, 9.5%; 95% CI, 8.28-10.69; neurologically favorable survival: adjusted proportion, 7.59%; 95% CI, 6.50-8.68). For those with data on type of BCPR, 697 of 1411 (49.4%) received conventional CPR and 714 of 1411 (50.6%) received compression-only CPR. On multivariable analysis, only conventional CPR (adjusted proportion, 12.89%; 95% CI, 10.69-15.09; adjusted odds ratio, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.51-2.79) was associated with improved neurologically favorable survival compared with no BCPR (adjusted proportion, 9.59%; 95% CI, 6.45-8.61). There was a significant interaction of BCPR with age. Among infants, conventional BCPR was associated with improved overall survival and neurologically favorable survival while compression-only CPR had similar outcomes to no BCPR. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Bystander CPR is associated with improved outcomes in pediatric OHCAs. Improving the provision of BCPR in minority communities and increasing the use of conventional BCPR may improve outcomes for children with OHCA.
Objective Hypoxic-ischemic white mater brain injury commonly occurs in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Approximately one half of HLHS survivors will exhibit neurobehavioral ...symptoms believed to be associated with this injury, although the exact timing of the injury is unknown. Methods Neonates with HLHS were recruited for pre- and postoperative monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation, cerebral oxygen extraction fraction, and cerebral blood flow using 2 noninvasive optical-based techniques: diffuse optical spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy. Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and approximately 1 week after surgery to quantify the extent and timing of the acquired white matter injury. The risk factors for developing new or worsened white matter injury were assessed using uni- and multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 37 neonates with HLHS were studied. On univariate analysis, neonates who developed a large volume of new, or worsened, postoperative white matter injury had a significantly longer time to surgery ( P = .0003). In a multivariate model, a longer time between birth and surgery, delayed sternal closure, and greater preoperative cerebral blood flow were predictors of postoperative white matter injury. Additionally, a longer time to surgery and greater preoperative cerebral blood flow on the morning of surgery correlated with lower cerebral oxygen saturation ( P = .03 and P = .05, respectively) and greater oxygen extraction fraction ( P = .05 for both). Conclusions A longer time to surgery was associated with new postoperative white matter injury in otherwise healthy neonates with HLHS. The results suggest that earlier Norwood palliation might decrease the likelihood of acquiring postoperative white matter injury.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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