•Differences in bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency of (all-E)- and (Z)-carotenoids were evaluated in rats.•Three commercially important carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and lutein) ...were evaluated.•Z-Isomer-rich carotenoids were prepared from the all-E-isomers by thermal treatment.•Carotenoid Z-isomers had higher bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency than the all-E-isomers.•Feeding of Z-isomer-rich carotenoids enhanced the Z-isomer ratio in plasma and tissues.
This study investigated the differences in bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency between all-E- and Z-isomer-rich carotenoids after oral administration to rats. Three commercially important carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and lutein) were chosen for the study. For all carotenoids, feeding with Z-isomer-rich diets increased their concentrations in plasma and tissues at least similar to or more than the all-E-isomer-rich diets, e.g., in rats fed a Z-isomer-rich lycopene, the lycopene concentrations in the plasma and liver after the 2-week administration were respectively 6.2 and 11.6 times higher than those fed an all-E-isomer-rich diet. These results strongly indicate that carotenoid Z-isomers have higher bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency than the all-E-isomers. Moreover, diets rich in carotenoid Z-isomers significantly improved the total Z-isomer ratio in plasma and several tissues compared to the all-E-isomers. Since carotenoid Z-isomers potentially have higher antioxidant activity than the all-E-isomers, their accumulation in the body might bring remarkable health benefits.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Since the discovery of α-glucosidase inhibitors and their inhibitory effects on the digestion of carbohydrates, promising results have been obtained as to the antidiabetic effects of this family of ...compounds. Antiangiogenic compounds have been identified that suppress tumor growth via a unique mechanism, confirming that such compounds can act as clinically applicable anticancer agents. Lipid peroxidation and lipid glycation have been suggested to play roles in food deterioration and in the pathophysiology of human diseases such as atherogenesis and diabetes, and antioxidative and antiglycative compounds can potentially be used in the prevention of food deterioration as well as to treat disease. On this basis, this review describes studies of α-glucosidase inhibition by mulberry 1-deoxynojirimycin, antiangiogenic effects of rice bran tocotrienol, and membrane lipid peroxidation/glycation and its inhibitors. These studies are ongoing in our work, with an emphasis on analytical techniques.
The Center for International Education and Research on Food and Agricultural Immunity (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Japan has been holding regular symposiums ...with the College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan as part of a global partnership agreement between the two universities. This year's symposium was originally scheduled to be held in Sendai, but unfortunately due to the evolving situation of the Covid-19 pandemic, it was rescheduled as an online symposium "International Symposium on Lipids and Food Ingredients for Health Promotion" which was successfully held between March 12-15, 2021.
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a common cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. Although hepatocyte cell death is considered to be the critical event in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, the ...underlying mechanism remains unclear. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death that is caused by a loss of cellular redox homeostasis. As glutathione (GSH) depletion triggers APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, we investigated the role of ferroptosis in a murine model of APAP-induced acute liver failure. APAP-induced hepatotoxicity (evaluated in terms of ALT, AST, and the histopathological score), lipid peroxidation (4-HNE and MDA), and upregulation of the ferroptosis maker PTGS2 mRNA were markedly prevented by the ferroptosis-specific inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Fer-1 treatment also completely prevented mortality induced by high-dose APAP. Similarly, APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation were prevented by the iron chelator deferoxamine. Using mass spectrometry, we found that lipid peroxides derived from n-6 fatty acids, mainly arachidonic acid, were elevated by APAP, and that auto-oxidation is the predominant mechanism of APAP-derived lipid oxidation. APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was also prevented by genetic inhibition of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 or α-tocopherol supplementation. We found that ferroptosis is responsible for APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and suggest that ferroptosis is a potential therapeutic target for APAP-induced acute liver failure.
The total synthesis of the antibiotic amycolamicin with a hybrid molecular architecture composed of five ring systems, which exhibits potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of ...drug-resistant bacteria, has been achieved in a convergent manner. A protecting-group-free intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction of a hydroxy tetraenal intermediate promoted by two equivalents of Et2AlCl, which proceeds highly diastereoselectively via an endo-equatorial transition state, has been utilized to construct the trans-decalin moiety of the molecule. The full structure of amycolamicin was assembled by a completely stereoconvergent N-acylation of a northern N-glycoside unit (α-anomer/β-anomer = 1:1.1) with a southern β-keto thioester segment followed by installation of the central tetramic acid moiety.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Surfactants, whose existence has been recognized as early as 2800 BC, have had a long history with the development of human civilization. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the latter ...half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in nanomedicine and food nanotechnology using nanoparticles have been remarkable, and new applications have been developed. The technology of surfactant-coated nanoparticles, which provides new functions to nanoparticles for use in the fields of nanomedicine and food nanotechnology, is attracting a lot of attention in the fields of basic research and industry. This review systematically describes these "surfactant-coated nanoparticles" through various sections in order: 1) surfactants, 2) surfactant-coated nanoparticles, application of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to 3) nanomedicine, and 4) food nanotechnology. Furthermore, current progress and problems of the technology using surfactant-coated nanoparticles through recent research reports have been discussed. Keywords: drug delivery system, drug targeting, food science, food packaging, nonionic surfactants, safety assessment
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death marked by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation
1
, has a key role in organ injury, degenerative disease and vulnerability of therapy-resistant ...cancers
2
. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular processes relevant to ferroptosis, additional cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic processes that determine cell sensitivity toward ferroptosis remain unknown. Here we show that the fully reduced forms of vitamin K—a group of naphthoquinones that includes menaquinone and phylloquinone
3
—confer a strong anti-ferroptotic function, in addition to the conventional function linked to blood clotting by acting as a cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase. Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), a NAD(P)H-ubiquinone reductase and the second mainstay of ferroptosis control after glutathione peroxidase-4
4,5
, was found to efficiently reduce vitamin K to its hydroquinone, a potent radical-trapping antioxidant and inhibitor of (phospho)lipid peroxidation. The FSP1-mediated reduction of vitamin K was also responsible for the antidotal effect of vitamin K against warfarin poisoning. It follows that FSP1 is the enzyme mediating warfarin-resistant vitamin K reduction in the canonical vitamin K cycle
6
. The FSP1-dependent non-canonical vitamin K cycle can act to protect cells against detrimental lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract
Lipid cyclic peroxides are a rarely reported and documented class of compounds in the human organism. Recently, we reported the formation of squalene (SQ) hydroperoxy cyclic peroxides ...derived from SQ monohydroperoxide isomers (SQ-OOHs) for the first time. Notably, we successfully detected and quantified cis-2-OOH-3-(1,2-dioxane)-SQ in the human skin. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism governing the formation of these compounds remained elusive. Therefore, in the current study, we set to determine the reaction’s mechanism. To this end, a comprehensive analysis of the precise conditions involved in the onset and propagation of this conversion was carried out by oxidizing total SQ-OOHs under different conditions, including singlet oxygen (
1
O
2
), thermal, and photoinduced oxidations monitored by quantifying the generated 2-OOH-3-(1,2-dioxane)-SQ using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Radical intermediates were thoroughly investigated using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) with the aid of spin traps and radical references. Moreover, calculations of SQ-OOHs’ electrostatic charges were performed on Spartan 18 software. We found that the reaction is ideally induced and favored under photooxidation in the presence of
3
O
2
in hexane, and that superoxide radical (O
2
•−
) is the first key intermediate in this mechanism, whereas peroxyl radicals were the major species observed throughout the oxidation. Chemical calculations provided an explanation for the targeting of tertiary SQ-OOHs by this reaction and gave further evidence on the proposed heterolytic cleavage initiating the reaction. The novel oxidation mechanism suggested herein offers new insights into understanding lipid secondary oxidation and is a promising finding for further studying lipid cyclic peroxides in general.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers remains an unmet challenge, and new approaches that can improve current AD biomarker strategies are needed. Recent reports suggested that ...microRNA (miRNA) profiling of biological fluids has emerged as a diagnostic tool for several pathologic conditions. In this study, we measured six candidate miRNAs (miR-9, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-34a, miR-125b, and miR-146a) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD and normal subjects by using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to evaluate their potential usability as AD biomarkers. The qRT-PCR results showed that plasma miR-34a and miR-146a levels, and CSF miR-34a, miR-125b, and miR-146a levels in AD patients were significantly lower than in control subjects. On the other hand, CSF miR-29a and miR-29b levels were significantly higher than in control subjects. Our results provide a possibility that miRNAs detected in plasma and CSF can serve as biomarkers for AD.
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