Obesity and metabolic syndrome are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Obesity is caused by increased food intake and/or decreased energy expenditure. Leptin potently inhibits food ...intake and promotes energy expenditure. These effects of leptin involve the activation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus (ARC). Disruption of leptin signaling in POMC neuron is considered one of the major causes for obesity.
The present study aimed to examine whether overexpression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) could substitute for the leptin action and ameliorate obesity in leptin-deficient Lep(ob/ob) mice.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing murine IL-10 (AAV-mIL-10) was injected into the skeletal muscle to overexpress IL-10 in mice. These mice were subsequently subjected to analysis of body weight, food intake, glucose metabolism and underlying mechanisms.
In Lep(ob/ob) mice, AAV-IL-10 ameliorated hyperphagia, obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, as well as attenuated tumor necrosis factor-α expression. The IL-10 treatment also improved glucose-induced insulin release. Furthermore, IL-10 treatment increased POMC mRNA expression in ARC and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) in ARC and white adipose tissue (WAT). In neuron-specific STAT3-null mice that exhibited obesity and hyperphagia, AAV-mIL-10 administration failed to affect food intake, body weight and phosphorylation of STAT3 in WAT.
These results demonstrate that peripheral overexpression of IL-10 induces STAT3 phosphorylation in ARC POMC neurons, and thereby ameliorates hyperphagia and obesity caused by leptin deficiency. IL-10 gene transfer may provide an effective approach for preventing progression of metabolic syndrome due to leptin resistance.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract An experimental study has demonstrated the impact of the geodesic curvature of the magnetic field line on turbulent ion-heat transport in magnetically confined plasma using the large helical ...device. Statistical analyses with corrected Akaike Information Criterion and multiple regression have revealed that the geodesic curvature indicates a dominant contribution to the ion-heat transport. Geodesic curvature dependence of the zonal-flow effect is evaluated by using a gyrokinetic-simulation-based reduced model. Then, the analysis implies a significant enhancement of the zonal-flow effect with a small geodesic curvature. These two independent analyses indicated the possibility of external zonal-flow control with the geodesic curvature of the magnetic field.
Abstract
In this paper, the background physics of the isotope effects in the ion internal transport barrier (ITB) are discussed in detail. An heuristic criterion for the ITB strength is defined based ...on the nonlinear dependence of the ion thermal diffusivity on the local ion temperature in the L-mode phase. Comparing deuterium plasmas and hydrogen plasmas, two isotope effects on the ion ITB are clarified: stronger ITBs formed in the deuterium plasmas and an ITB concomitant edge confinement degradation in the hydrogen plasmas. Principal component analysis reveals that the ion ITB becomes strong when a high input power normalized by the line averaged electron density is applied and electron density profile is peaked. A gyrokinetic simulation suggests that the ITB profile is determined by the ion temperature gradient driven turbulence, while the way the profile saturates in L-mode plasmas is unknown. In the electron density turbulence behavior, a branch transition is observed, where the increasing trend in turbulence amplitude against the ITB strength is flipped to a decreasing trend across the ITB formation. The radial electric field structure is measured by the charge exchange recombination spectroscopy system. It is found that the radial electric field shear plays a minor role in determining the ITB strength.
Single crystalline W (tungsten) samples irradiated at 633, 963 and 1073 K by neutrons to a damage level of 0.1 dpa were exposed to a high-flux D (deuterium) plasma at 673, 873 and 973 K, ...respectively, in TPE (Tritium Plasma Experiment) at INL (Idaho National Laboratory). Deuterium desorption was analyzed by TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy), and D depth profiles were determined by NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) at SNL (Sandia National Laboratories). HIDT (Hydrogen Isotope Diffusion and Trapping) simulation code was applied to evaluate D behavior for neutron-damaged W at higher temperature.
The D retention at depths up to 3 μm for the neutron-damaged sample at 673 K was two orders of magnitude larger than that for undamaged tungsten, and its D desorption spectrum had a single broad stage at around 900 K. As the neutron irradiation/plasma exposure temperature increased, D retention was largely reduced, and the desorption temperature was shifted to higher temperatures above 1100 K. The D depth profiles by NRA also showed D migration toward bulk by higher temperature irradiation, compared to undamaged W.
The HIDT simulation indicated that the major binding energy of D was changed from 1.43 eV to 2.07 eV at higher neutron irradiation and plasma exposure temperatures, suggesting that some vacancies and small vacancy clusters would aggregate to form larger voids, or depopulation of weak traps at high D plasma exposure temperatures. It can be said that more stable trapping sites played dominant roles in the D retention at higher neutron irradiation and plasma exposure temperature. The binding energy by HIDT simulation was almost consistent with the reported value by TMAP, but the consideration of not only total D retention measured by TDS but also D depth profile by NRA led to the more accurate D behavior in neutron-damaged W.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective
The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical and histopathological findings associated with intranasal tumours in degus.
Materials and Methods
Medical records of ...degus diagnosed with intranasal neoplasms on histopathological examination between the years 2007 and 2020 at one hospital were included in the study.
Results Medical records of degus
Twenty degus (10 males and 10 females) were eligible for inclusion. Initial clinical signs included sneezing, abnormal nasal sounds, and nasal discharge, followed by anorexia and frequent nose rubbing. On radiography, 15 out of 20 animals showed space‐occupying lesions in the nasal cavity. CT was performed in 16 animals and revealed various degrees of changes, including abnormal radiopacity within the nasal cavity and damaged nasal septum. Rhinostomy and excisional biopsy was performed in all 20 animals. Six out of 20 patients died during the perioperative period. Six and seven degus survived for 3 months and 1 year, respectively. One animal was lost to follow‐up. In 16 cases the histological diagnosis was consistent with fibromas, while in 4 cases with osteomas.
Clinical Significance
Intranasal neoplasms in degus are mostly benign mesenchymal tumours with various degrees of bone formation, which is unique to this animal species. This occurrence should be considered as an important differential diagnosis for upper respiratory tract disease in degus.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This retrospective study of a series of 18 cases aimed to describe the clinical and pathological findings of oral tumours in rabbits, as there have been few reports detailing spontaneous oral tumours ...in this species. A total of 13 different tumour types were diagnosed: squamous cell carcinoma (three), ameloblastoma (two), fibrosarcoma (two), osteosarcoma (two), cementoma (one), complex odontoma (one), giant cell epulis (one), sarcoma (one), chondrosarcoma (one), trichoepithelioma (one), papilloma (one), malignant melanoma (one) and basal cell carcinoma (one). Odontogenic tumours were relatively common in this study as compared to the oral tumours typically identified in dogs and cats. The most common clinical sign in this study was feeding abnormalities. Surgical excision and radiation therapy were found to be effective in rabbits.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently, the validity range of the approximations commonly used in neoclassical calculation has been reconsidered. One of the primary motivations behind this trend is observation of an impurity hole ...in LHD (Large Helical Device), i.e. the formation of an extremely hollow density profile of an impurity ion species, such as carbon $\text{C}^{6+}$, in the plasma core region where a negative radial electric field ($E_{r}$) is expected to exist. Recent studies have shown that the variation of electrostatic potential on the flux surface, $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$, has significant impact on neoclassical impurity transport. Nevertheless, the effect of $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$ has been studied with radially local codes and the necessity of global calculation has been suggested. Thus, we have extended a global neoclassical code, FORTEC-3D, to simulate impurity transport in an impurity hole plasma including $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$ globally. Independently of the $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$ effect, an electron root of the ambipolar condition for the impurity hole plasma has been found by global simulation. Hence, we have considered two different cases, each with a positive (global) and a negative (local) solution of the ambipolar condition, respectively. Our result provides another support that $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$ has non-negligible impact on impurity transport. However, for the ion-root case, the radial $\text{C}^{6+}$ flux is driven further inwardly by $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$. For the electron-root case, on the other hand, the radial particle $\text{C}^{6+}$ flux is outwardly enhanced by $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$. These results indicate that how $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$ affects the radial particle transport crucially depends on the profile of the ambipolar-$E_{r}$, which is found to be susceptible to $\unicodeSTIX{x1D6F7}_{1}$ itself and the global effects.
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