pH has been considered one of the paramount factors in bodily functions because most cellular tasks exclusively rely on precise pH values. In this context, the current techniques for pH sensing ...provide us with the futuristic insight to further design therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Thus, pH‐sensing (electrochemically and optically) is rapidly evolving toward exciting new applications and expanding researchers’ interests in many chemical contexts, especially in biomedical applications. The adaptation of cutting‐edge technology is subsequently producing the modest form of these biosensors as wearable devices, which are providing us the opportunity to target the real‐time collection of vital parameters, including pH for improved healthcare systems. The motif of this review is to provide insight into trending tech‐based systems employed in real‐time or in‐vivo pH‐responsive monitoring. Herein, we briefly go through the pH regulation in the human body to help the beginners and scientific community with quick background knowledge, recent advances in the field, and pH detection in real‐time biological applications. In the end, we summarize our review by providing an outlook; challenges that need to be addressed, and prospective integration of various pH in vivo platforms with modern electronics that can open new avenues of cutting‐edge techniques for disease diagnostics and prevention.
This review offers a concise overview of pH regulation in the human body to assist beginners and the scientific community. Various methods for pH sensing are outlined along with their cutting‐edge versions. Prospects and obstacles are outlined for the potential merging of different in vivo pH platforms with contemporary electronics.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that can be monitored at an individual level by controlling the blood glucose level, hence minimizing the negative impact of the disease. Significant research ...efforts have been focused on the design of novel and improved technologies to overcome the limitations of existing glucose analysis methods. In this context, nanotechnology has enabled the diagnosis at the single cell and molecular level with the possibility of incorporation in advanced molecular diagnostic biochips. Recent years have witnessed the exploration and synthesis of various types of nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties, with their subsequent integration into the design of biomimetic optical sensors for glucose monitoring. This review paper will provide insights on the type, nature and synthesis of different biomimetic nanomaterials. Moreover, recent developments in the integration of these nanomaterials for optical glucose biosensing will be highlighted, with a final discussion on the challenges that must be addressed for successful implementation of these nano-devices in the clinical applications is presented.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In spite of substantial progress in scientific cognizance and medical technology, still infectious diseases are among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Creatinine and Schiff bases are ...well known for their diverse range of biological activities and thought to be emerging and useful therapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases.
The present work was aimed to illustrate the influence of substitution of amides and Schiff bases on creatinine and their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-urease effectiveness was determined. Creatinine substituted amides (1-2) and creatinine Schiff bases (3-7) were synthesized and characterized by NMR and IR spectral data in combination with elemental analysis. All the compounds (1-7) were investigated on Jack bean urease for their urease inhibitory potential. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of the compounds was made by the agar dilution method. Moreover, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to determine their antioxidant potential. Molecular docking studies were also carried out to elucidate their relationship with the binding pockets of the enzyme.
The compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of urease. The synthesized derivatives exhibited significant inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, as compared to standard, ciprofloxacin. Creatinine based derivatives exhibited potential antifungal activity when tested on infectious and pathogenic fungal strains. Similarly, most of the compounds exhibited good antioxidant activity.
These derivatives may serve as a source of potential antioxidants and also help to retard microbial growth in food industry. Similarly, the studies provide a basis for further research to develop more potent urease inhibitory compounds of medicinal /agricultural interest.
Methods
In this retrospective trial, we analyzed data of patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma who received outpatient fractionated ICE between 2011-2017 at a tertiary care center. The three ...weekly ICE protocol consisted of: ifosfamide 1500 mg/m2 infused over 2 h on days 1–3, carboplatin (5 AUC) on day 1, and etoposide 100 mg/m2 on days 1–3. Rituximab 375 mg/m2 was given to patients with CD20 positive B cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Results
Total of 89 patients were included in this research project. Majority of patients had Hodgkin lymphoma (64%). Mean number of ICE cycles received was 2.5. Complete remission and partial remission rates for primary refractory (62.9%) and non-primary refractory (36.4%) disease were 10.5% and 26.3% versus 41.9% and 29.0% respectively. Event free survival rate was 14.5 months (95% CI 7.7–28.0) and overall survival rate 88.7 months (95% CI 48.1–NR). Grade 3 hematological toxicities were documented in 19.1% of patients with 10.1% experiencing neutropenia and 9% thrombocytopenia. 5.6% had febrile neutropenia.
Conclusions
Our study included, to our knowledge, the largest number of patients treated with outpatient fractionated ICE. Results demonstrated that this regimen might be a reasonable replacement for classic ICE regimen in many patients with lymphoma. It has a favorable safety profile. However, patients with primary refractory lymphomas need more effective regimens.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a life-threatening complication of Docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimens (DBRs). Prophylactic granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) can reduce the risk ...of FN. This study investigated the effect of G-CSF on FN in patients receiving DBRs for breast cancer.
Methods
Patients treated between 2015 and 2017 were identified from the hospital’s pharmacy database and their medical records were examined retrospectively. Data from patients’ first four cycles of DBR were collected. FN rate, FN associated length of hospital stay (FN-LOS), and chemotherapy dose modification/delay due to FN were compared between patients who did (G-CSF group) or did not (non-GCSF group) receive prophylactic G-CSF.
Results
Of the 276 included patients, 83.3% received a DBR as adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy, and 50% received docetaxel as combination therapy. Prophylactic G-CSF was administered with the first cycle of a DBR in 69.9% of patients who were significantly less likely to experience FN compared to the non-G-CSF group (6.2% vs. 15.7%; odds ratio: 0.36 95% CI: 0.16–0.82; p = 0.020). Collectively and after the 4 DBR treatment cycles, FN rate (4.8 vs. 8.5; odds ratio: 0.54 95% CI: 0.30–0.97; p = 0.043) and the mean FN-LOS (3.55 vs. 5.28 days; t = –2.22; p = 0.037) were reduced in the G-CSF group. There was no difference in DBR dose delay/reduction between both groups in cycles 2–4.
Conclusion
In patients receiving DBRs for breast cancer, prophylactic G-CSF significantly reduced both the rate of FN and duration of hospitalization for FN.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Morphology-dependent Fluorescence Quenching of NiO.
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•Fluorescence based aptasensor has been designed for the sensitive and selective detection of ochratoxin A (OTA).•Hydrothermal ...approach has been used to synthesize eight types of NiO nanostructures by varying calcination temperatures (40–180) °C.•Fluorescence based aptasensors have been evaluated based on nano-quencher probe morphology.•The developed assay shows reliable results in monitoring OTA from real food samples.
Herein, we presented a comprehensive investigation of structural properties of nickel oxide (NiO) nanomaterials prepared by rationally designed temperature-controlled synthesis. A series of eight types (A-H) of nickel oxide nanomaterials were synthesized by hydrothermal approach at different calcination temperatures (40–180) °C. Depending on temperature, different sizes and shapes were obtained including spherical nanoparticles, nanoclusters and flower-like morphologies, as characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The best fluorescence quenching properties were obtained with spherical NiO-B nanoparticles 18 nm, prepared at 60 °C. The optimized NiO was used to develop an apta-assay for the detection of a food-relevant toxin, ochratoxin-A (OTA). In the presence of OTA, the biomolecular binding induced changes in the FAM labelled-aptamer structure and preferential formation of an aptamer-OTA complex. The method exhibited a limit of detection of 0.49 ng.L−1 with a wide linear range from 0.5 to 200 ng.L−1. The results demonstrate not only that rationally designed NiO nanostructures of varying shapes and sizes can be obtained by temperature-controlled synthesis, but they are also powerful fluorescent quenchers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A new type of mesoporous silica nanomaterial (PTX-YMSN) is prepared for the effective suppression of tumor.•PTX-YMSN shows good biocompatibility and can be easily prepared.•Folic acid (FA) modified ...PTX-YMSN shows good cancer cell targeting property.•PTX-YMSN modified with fluorescence probe Y580 offers a facile way to image the material entering into cancer cells.•PTX-YMSN releases PTX in the tumor microenvironment.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are considered as ideal carriers for the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) because of their specific features such as low biological toxicity, easy surface modification, high loading efficiency, sustainable release of anti-cancer drugs and easy fabrication. In this work, novel mesoporous silica nanoparticles with fluorescent and tumor targeting functions (YMSN-FA) were successfully synthesized by grafting perylene imide derivatives (Y580) and folic acid (FA) onto the surface of the silica nanoparticles. Subsequently, the nanoparticles were loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) to fabricate smart composite materials (PTX-YMSN) with targeted chemotherapy and tumor imaging functionalities. Imaging and therapeutic results of PTX-YMSN towards Hela cells demonstrate potential applicability of PTX-YMSN. This study combines the unique advantages of drug delivery nanosystem and organic fluorophore to provide a new and effective strategy for the treatment of tumor.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A sensitive sandwich immunoassay for the sensing of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is developed based on aggregation-induced emission probe doped silica nanoparticles. Fluorescent silica ...nanoparticles (TSiO
2
) with excellent performance were prepared using a tetraphenylethylene based probe (TPE-C4-4) to produce a controlled aggregation effect, and HE4 was detected using antibody-functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles. The fluorescent silica nanoparticles possess good photophysical properties. The TSiO
2
NPs were surface modified with carboxyl groups, and the antibody was covalently attached onto the surface of the nanoparticles. In addition, magnetic beads were modified with
N
-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (NHS) on their surface, capable of forming stable peptide bonds with the antibody. TSiO
2
NPs modified by an antibody and the magnetic beads modified by an antibody were used for the sandwich immunoassay for HE4 protein. The assay is quite sensitive and selective. The detection limit of HE4 is estimated to be 40 pM. The assay shows promising applications for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and the development of ovarian cancer-related drugs.
A sensitive immunoassay for the sensing of human epididymis protein 4 is developed based on aggregation-induced emission probe doped silica nanoparticles.
Thin films of organic moiety functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from a very well-dispersed aqueous solution were designed on a screen printed transducer surface through a single step directed ...assembly methodology. Very high density of CNTs was obtained on the screen printed electrode surface, with the formation of a thin and uniform layer on transducer substrate. Functionalized CNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer-Emmett- Teller (BET) surface area analyzer methodologies, while CNT coated screen printed transducer platform was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed methodology makes use of a minimum amount of CNTs and toxic solvents, and is successfully demonstrated to form thin films over macroscopic areas of screen printed carbon transducer surface. The CNT coated screen printed transducer surface was integrated in the fabrication of electrochemical aptasensors for breast cancer biomarker analysis. This CNT coated platform can be applied to immobilize enzymes, antibodies and DNA in the construction of biosensor for a broad spectrum of applications.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The ingredients of makeup removers are very complex, and it is difficult to distinguish the brand and authenticity of makeup removers simply by employing traditional ingredient analysis. In this ...work, based on the controlled self-assembly of perylene probes, a novel fluorescence sensing strategy was successfully developed to distinguish the brand and authenticity of makeup removers. Four charged perylene derivatives were synthesized and utilized as the sensing elements. It was found that the perylene probes were soluble and existed in equilibrium between their aggregated and free monomeric forms in neutral aqueous solution. The disaggregation of the probes occurred in the presence of surfactants or alcohols. Moreover, various degrees of disaggregation and the corresponding turn-on fluorescence were observed in the presence of different kinds of surfactants and alcohols. A novel four-channel sensor array based on the probes was then established, and successfully utilized for the discrimination of alcohols and surfactants. In addition, based on the fact that surfactants and alcohols are the main components of makeup removers, the sensor array was also successfully employed to discriminate makeup remover waters. Using our devised sensor array, makeup removers could be easily distinguished from the daily used liquid goods, and the nine brands of commercial makeup removers could also be easily differentiated from each other. The authenticity of makeup removers could also be identified with high accuracy.
A novel sensing strategy based on four perylene probes to distinguish the brand and authenticity of makeup removers.
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