A metal-organic framework (MOF) with sulfonic acid tags as a novel mesoporous catalyst was synthesized. The precursor of Zr-UiO-66-PDC was synthesized both via chemical and electrochemical methods. ...Then, zirconium-based mesoporous metal-organic framework Zr-UiO-66-PDC-SO
HCl was prepared by reaction of Zr-UiO-66-PDC and SO
HCl. The structure of Zr-UiO-66-PDC-SO
HCl was confirmed by FT-IR, PXRD, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, EDX, and Mapping analysis. This mesoporous Zr-UiO-66-PDC-SO
HCl was successfully applied for the synthesis of dicyanomethylene pyridine derivatives via condensation of various aldehyde, 2-aminoprop-1-ene-1,1,3-tricarbonitrile and malononitrile. At the electrochemical section, a green electrochemical method has successfully employed for rapid synthesis of the zirconium-based mesoporous metal-organic framework UiO-66-PDC at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The synthesized UiO-66-PDC has a uniform cauliflower-like structure with a 13.5 nm mean pore diameter and 1081.6 m
g
surface area. The described catalyst Zr-UiO-66-PDC-SO
HCl was also employed for the convergent paired electrochemical synthesis of dihydropyridine derivatives as an environmentally friendly technique under constant current at 1.0 mA cm
in an undivided cell. The proposed method proceeds with moderate to good yields for the model via a cooperative vinylogous anomeric based oxidation.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by a low expression level of cerebral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α). Hence, activating the hypoxia-signaling pathway may be a ...favorable therapeutic approach for curing PD. This study explored the efficacy of hydralazine, a well-known antihypertensive agent, for restoring the impaired HIF-1 signaling in PD, with the aid of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-exposed SH-SY5Y cells. The cytotoxicity of hydralazine and 6-OHDA on the SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated by MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and apoptosis detection assays. The activities of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (NO), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured. Expression levels of HIF-1α and its downstream genes at the protein level were assessed by Western blotting. Hydralazine showed no toxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells, at the concentration of ≤50 μmol/L. Hydralazine decreased the levels of apoptosis, malondialdehyde, and NO, and increased the activities of FRAP and SOD in cells exposed to 6-OHDA. Furthermore, hydralazine up-regulated the protein expression levels of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine transporter in the cells also exposed to 6-OHDA, by comparison with the cells exposed to 6-OHDA alone. In summary, hydralazine priming could attenuate the deleterious effects of 6-OHDA on SH-SY5Y cells by increasing cellular antioxidant capacity, as well as the protein levels of HIF-1α and its downstream target genes.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Soil and the dominant plant species in the vicinity of Khatoon Abad copper smelter in Kerman province of Iran are examined to determine contamination, bioavailability, and ecological-health risk of ...potentially toxic elements (PTEs) based on 23 collected soil samples and 13
Artemisia siebri
plant species. Cu, Mo, As, and Sb display a significant level of enrichment in soil. Ecological risk assessment shows that Cu, As, and Cd pose the highest ecological risk. The results of PTEs fractionation reveal that, on average, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Mo are mostly distributed between non-residual fractions reflecting higher mobility and potential ecological risk, while Cr, Ni, and Co are significantly distributed within the residual fraction, and do not pose a serious ecological risk. Mobility factor suggests high bioavailability of Cu for plants followed by As, Cd, Pb, Mo, Co, Ni, and Cr. Biological accumulation coefficient displays higher phytoavailability of Mo and Cd. PTEs transfer within plant follows the order of Mo > As > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Co > Cr > Cd. The results of phytoavailability indicate the high tendency of Cd to bioaccumulate in
Artemisia
’s root, while Mo, As, and Pb tend to translocate towards
Artemisia
’s shoot. Calculated hazard index and incremental lifetime cancer risk revealed that As poses the highest non-carcinogenic health risk, and As and Pb pose the greatest carcinogenic health risk in both adults and children.
In this paper, the MIL-53(Al)-NH
metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) was prepared based on the anodic electrosynthesis under green conditions. The anodic electrosynthesis as an environmentally friendly ...procedure was performed in the aqueous solution, room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and in the short reaction time (30 min). Also, the employed procedure was accomplished without the need for the ex-situ salt and base/probase additives as cation source and ligand activating agent at the constant current mode (10.0 mA cm
). The electrosynthesized MOFs was functionalized with phosphorus acid tags as a novel mesoporous catalyst. This mesoporous catalyst was successfully employed for synthesis of new series (N-methyl-pyrrol)-pyrazolo3,4-bpyridines by one-pot condensation reaction of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, 3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile and various aromatic aldehydes (mono, bis and tripodal). This catalyst proceeded the organic synthetic reaction via a cooperative vinylogous anomeric based oxidation mechanism with a marginal decreasing its catalytic activity after recycling and reusability.
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Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied in this work and it is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical ...and aryl anion. The results of this research indicate that the reduction of aryldiazonium salts takes place in two single-electron steps. Our data show that when the substituted group on the phenyl ring is H, Cl, OH, NO
2
, OCH
3
or SO
3
−
, the corresponding diazonium salt shows poor adsorption characteristics, but when the substituted group is methyl, the corresponding diazonium salt shows strong adsorption characteristics. In the latter case, the voltammogram exhibits three cathodic peaks. In addition, the effect of various substitutions on the aryldiazonium reduction was studied by Hammett's method. The data are show that with increasing electron withdrawing capacity of the substituent, the reduction of corresponding diazonium salt becomes easier.
Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied. It is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Temperature has profound effects on physiology of ectothermic animals. However, the effects on temperature variation on behavioral traits are poorly studied in contrast to physiological ...endpoints. This may be important as even small differences in temperatures have large effects on physiological rates including overall metabolism, and behavior is known to be linked to metabolism at least in part. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects of ambient temperature on boldness responses of a species of fish commonly used in behavioral experiments, the Siamese fighting fish ( Betta splendens ). At 26 °C, subjects were first examined for baseline behaviors over three days, using three different (but complementary) ‘open field’ type assays tested in a fixed order. Those same fish were next exposed to either the same temperature (26 °C) or a higher temperature (30 °C) for 10 days, and then the same behavioral assays were repeated. Those individuals exposed to increased temperatures reduced their latency to leave the release area (area I), spent more time in area III (farthest from release area), and were more active overall; together we infer these behaviors to reflect an increase in general ‘boldness’ with increased temperature. Our results add to a limited number of studies of temperature effects on behavioral tendencies in ectotherms that are evident even after some considerable acclimation. From a methodological perspective, our results indicate careful temperature control is needed when studying behavior in this and other species of fish.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Predicting treatment outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is challenging worldwide. The present study aimed to achieve the most accurate machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the ...outcomes of TBI treatment by evaluating demographic features, laboratory data, imaging indices, and clinical features. We used data from 3347 patients admitted to a tertiary trauma centre in Iran from 2016 to 2021. After the exclusion of incomplete data, 1653 patients remained. We used ML algorithms such as random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) with ten-fold cross-validation to develop the best prediction model. Our findings reveal that among different variables included in this study, the motor component of the Glasgow coma scale, the condition of pupils, and the condition of cisterns were the most reliable features for predicting in-hospital mortality, while the patients' age takes the place of cisterns condition when considering the long-term survival of TBI patients. Also, we found that the RF algorithm is the best model to predict the short-term mortality of TBI patients. However, the generalized linear model (GLM) algorithm showed the best performance (with an accuracy rate of 82.03 ± 2.34) in predicting the long-term survival of patients. Our results showed that using appropriate markers and with further development, ML has the potential to predict TBI patients' survival in the short- and long-term.
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Imbalanced Data (ID) is a problem that deters Machine Learning (ML) models from achieving satisfactory results. ID is the occurrence of a situation where the quantity of the samples belonging to one ...class outnumbers that of the other by a wide margin, making such models’ learning process biased towards the majority class. In recent years, to address this issue, several solutions have been put forward, which opt for either synthetically generating new data for the minority class or reducing the number of majority classes to balance the data. Hence, in this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of methods based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) mixed with a variety of well-known imbalanced data solutions meaning oversampling and undersampling. Then, we propose a CNN-based model in combination with SMOTE to effectively handle imbalanced data. To evaluate our methods, we have used KEEL, breast cancer, and Z-Alizadeh Sani datasets. In order to achieve reliable results, we conducted our experiments 100 times with randomly shuffled data distributions. The classification results demonstrate that the mixed Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE)-Normalization-CNN outperforms different methodologies achieving 99.08% accuracy on the 24 imbalanced datasets. Therefore, the proposed mixed model can be applied to imbalanced binary classification problems on other real datasets.
Hydrogels are important biomaterials that have several applications in drug and cell delivery, tissue engineering, three-dimensional (3D) printing and more recently, in sensing and actuating ...applications. With the advent of self-healing hydrogels, it is becoming possible to have smarter materials with sustainable mechanical properties under stress and also added functionalities. The mechanisms responsible for the self-healing behavior of these materials are related to their internal structure and processes triggered by damage they may sustain. These mechanisms rely on either chemical bonding or physical interactions of the structural components of hydrogels, or on both. Many self-healing hydrogels have been developed and tested
in vitro
and in animals. However, there are still challenges, especially with healing characteristics that need to be addressed and investigated in animal experiments before their clinical applications can be initiated, for which a multidisciplinary approach is required. In the current paper, various biomedical applications of self-healing hydrogels are discussed in detail, highlighting current challenges and future prospects.
In this paper, various self-healing hydrogels are discussed including their healing mechanisms and details of their current biomedical applications.
We used machine learning methods to investigate if body composition indices predict hypertension. Data from a cohort study was used, and 4663 records were included (2156 were male, 1099 with ...hypertension, with the age range of 35-70 years old). Body composition analysis was done using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA); weight, basal metabolic rate, total and regional fat percentage (FATP), and total and regional fat-free mass (FFM) were measured. We used machine learning methods such as Support Vector Classifier, Decision Tree, Stochastic Gradient Descend Classifier, Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Histogram-based Gradient Boosting, Bagging, Extra Tree, Ada Boost, Voting, and Stacking to classify the investigated cases and find the most relevant features to hypertension. FATP, AFFM, BMR, FFM, TRFFM, AFATP, LFATP, and older age were the top features in hypertension prediction. Arm FFM, basal metabolic rate, total FFM, Trunk FFM, leg FFM, and male gender were inversely associated with hypertension, but total FATP, arm FATP, leg FATP, older age, trunk FATP, and female gender were directly associated with hypertension. AutoMLP, stacking and voting methods had the best performance for hypertension prediction achieving an accuracy rate of 90%, 84% and 83%, respectively. By using machine learning methods, we found that BIA-derived body composition indices predict hypertension with acceptable accuracy.
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