The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) was launched on 23 January 2009 to monitor the global distributions of carbon dioxide and methane from space. It has operated continuously since then. ...Here, we describe a retrieval algorithm for column abundances of these gases from the short-wavelength infrared spectra obtained by the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS). The algorithm consists of three steps. First, cloud-free observational scenes are selected by several cloud-detection methods. Then, column abundances of carbon dioxide and methane are retrieved based on the optimal estimation method. Finally, the retrieval quality is examined to exclude low-quality and/or aerosol-contaminated results. Most of the retrieval random errors come from instrumental noise. The interferences due to auxiliary parameters retrieved simultaneously with gas abundances are small. The evaluated precisions of the retrieved column abundances for single observations are less than 1% in most cases. The interhemispherical differences and temporal variation patterns of the retrieved column abundances show features similar to those of an atmospheric transport model.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study reports a safe, mild, and environmentally benign synthetic method toward 2-aryl-4-quinazolinones from aromatic aldehydes and aminobenzamides through a cyclization–oxidation sequence using ...a catalytic amount of iodine, which serves as both a Lewis acid and an oxidant, harmless visible light irradiation, and molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
In order to investigate the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), we construct the black hole mass function (BHMF) and Eddington ratio distribution function (ERDF) of X-ray-selected broad-line ...active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z ~ 1.4 in the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) field. A significant part of the accretion growth of SMBHs is thought to take place in this redshift range. Black hole masses of X-ray-selected broad-line AGNs are estimated using the width of the broad Mg II line and 3000 A monochromatic luminosity. We supplement the Mg II FWHM values with the Halpha FWHM obtained from our NIR spectroscopic survey. Using the black hole masses of broad-line AGNs at redshifts between 1.18 and 1.68, the binned broad-line AGN BHMFs and ERDFs are calculated using the V sub(max) method. To properly account for selection effects that impact the binned estimates, we derive the corrected broad-line AGN BHMFs and ERDFs by applying the maximum likelihood method, assuming that the ERDF is constant regardless of the black hole mass. We do not correct for the non-negligible uncertainties in virial BH mass estimates. If we compare the corrected broad-line AGN BHMF with that in the local universe, then the corrected BHMF at z = 1.4 has a higher number density above 10 super(8) M sub(middot in circle) but a lower number density below that mass range. The evolution may be indicative of a downsizing trend of accretion activity among the SMBH population. The evolution of broad-line AGN ERDFs from z = 1.4 to 0 indicates that the fraction of broad-line AGNs with accretion rates close to the Eddington limit is higher at higher redshifts.
A convergent synthesis of α‐methylene amides exploits a hybrid radical/ionic concept in which radical carbonylation of alkynes is followed by ionic trapping of the resulting carbonyl‐containing ...radical species with amines (see scheme). The reaction of substituted terminal alkynes with pressurized CO, Bu3SnH, and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile in the presence of a large excess of amines gave good yields of the corresponding α‐methylene amides.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT
Background.
This study evaluated the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Japan.
Materials and Methods.
This was a multicenter ...study performed in 21 centers in Japan. A total of 2455 individuals were enrolled. H. pylori status was determined by validated ELISAs. Atrophic gastritis was diagnosed by histology, endoscopy with Congo Red dye scattering or the Kimura‐Takemoto endoscopic classification.
Results.
Atrophic gastritis increased from 9.4% in those less than 20 years of age to > 70% in those aged 60 or older and was strongly associated with H. pylori infection. The overall prevalence of atrophic gastritis in H. pylori infection was 82.9% (1272/1534) compared with 9.8% (90/921) among uninfected (OR = 44.8; 95% CI = 34.7–57.8). Intestinal metaplasia was present in 43.1% (542/1258) of H. pylori positive persons compared with 6.2% (51/823) among the uninfected (OR = 11.5; 95% CI = 8.5–15.5). Atrophic gastritis in H. pylori positive Japanese was very high in the younger generation (38.5% in those aged 20 or less and 58.5% in those 21–30).
Conclusions.
Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia were strongly associated with H. pylori and not with aging. The fall in prevalence of H. pylori in Japan has not been associated with a corresponding fall in the prevalence of atrophic gastritis among those with H. pylori infection. The high prevalence of the precursor lesion, atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, among those with H. pylori infection suggests that the risk of development of early gastric cancer will continue to remain high in Japan.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mesenchymal stem cells capable of differentiating into multiple cell types are potentially useful therapeutically for regeneration of bone and cartilaginous tissues. Multipotent fibroblastic ...C3H10T1/2 cells are known to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in response to certain growth factors. In this study we compared the effects of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 on the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells. Incubation of these cells with BMP-2 resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, but the increase in MC3T3-E1 cells was much higher than that in C3H10T1/2 cells. BMP-2 also induced differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells but not MC3T3-E1 cells into chondrocytes and adipocytes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that these commitments were accompanied by the specific expression of osteocalcin, aggrecan, and PPARgamma. To investigate the in vivo differential property, these cells were inoculated with BMP-2 in a diffusion chamber and transplanted into the mouse peritoneal cavity for 4 weeks. The transplanted C3H10T1/2 cells formed mineralized bone containing chondrocytes and adipocytes, whereas MC3T3-E1 created only bony tissue. Our results indicate that BMP-2 can induce the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in both in vivo and in vitro conditions, and that C3H10T1/2 could be used to examine the BMP-2-induced regulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal differentiation.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The purposes of this study were to assess the value of motor nerve conduction studies as a prognostic indicator for severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and to investigate residual nerve disorder ...after surgery. Fifty hands in 46 patients with severe CTS were followed for at least 6 months after surgery for open carpal tunnel release. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle and the second lumbrical (SL) muscle were recorded before and after surgery, and distal latency (DL) and amplitude were analyzed. APB-CMAP was not recordable in 43 hands while SL-CMAP was recordable in all 50 hands before surgery. Results were excellent in 28 hands, good in 16 hands, fair in 6 hands, with no poor results after surgery. The ratio of excellent result was 65% in patients in whom DL of preoperative SL-CMAP was less than 10 ms, and 20% in patients whose DL was 10 ms or more. Delayed DL was seen in postoperative APB-CMAP and SL-CMAP, especially in the patients with good or fair results. We consider that SL-CMAP was valuable as a prognostic indicator for severe CTS, and if DL was 10 ms or more, myelinization of fibers would not be sufficient after surgery.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This study reports a safe, mild, and environmentally benign synthetic method toward 2-aryl-4-quinazolinones from aromatic aldehydes and aminobenzamides through a cyclization-oxidation sequence using ...a catalytic amount of iodine, which serves as both a Lewis acid and an oxidant, harmless visible light irradiation, and molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant.
This study reports a safe, mild, and environmentally benign synthetic method toward 2-aryl-4-quinazolinones through a cyclization-oxidation sequence using a catalytic amount of iodine, harmless visible light irradiation, and molecular oxygen.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Background : We evaluated the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and various factors associated with gastric cancer in two areas in Japan with different risks for mortality due to ...gastric cancer.
Methods : A total of 250 sera from Niigata and 209 from Okinawa were used. H. pylori antibody and CagA antibody were measured by antigen‐specific ELISAs. Serum gastrin and pepsinogen levels were determined by RIA.
Results : Although there was no significant difference in H. pylori prevalence among the persons in Niigata (50%) and Okinawa (42%), CagA prevalence in these populations was significantly different, at 41% and 26%, respectively (OR = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.33–2.95, P < 0.01). Serum gastrin levels in Niigata were significantly lower than those in Okinawa in H. pylori‐negative persons (P < 0.01). The serum pepsinogen I/II ratio in Niigata was significantly lower than that in Okinawa in H. pylori positive persons (P < 0.01), whereas there was no significant difference in H. pylori‐negative persons. Among those positive for H. pylori, serum pepsinogen I/II ratio in Niigata was significantly lower than that in Okinawa in CagA‐negative persons (P < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in CagA‐positive persons.
Conclusions : These results suggest that the difference in the mortality ratio of gastric cancer between Niigata and Okinawa is mainly associated with the difference between areas in the prevalence of cagA‐positive strains rather than that of H. pylori itself.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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