The role of gibberellin (GA) and ethylene in submergence-induced petiole elongation was studied in two species of the genus Rumex. Analysis of endogenous GAs in the flooding-tolerant Rumex palustris ...Sm. and the intolerant Rumex acetosa L. by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed for both species the presence of GA1, GA4, GA9, GA19, GA20 and GA53. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of R. palustris petiole tissue of submerged plants showed an increase in levels of 1 3-OH GAs, especially GA1, compared with drained plants. This effect could be mimicked by application of 5 microliters L-1 ethylene. In R. acetosa no differences between levels of GAs in drained or submerged plants were found. In R. palustris, both submergence and ethylene treatment sensitized petioles to exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3). In R. acetosa the effect was opposite, i.e. submergence and ethylene de-sensitized petioles to GA3. Our results demonstrate the dual effect of ethylene in the submergence response related to flooding tolerance, i.e. in the flooding-tolerant R. palustris ethylene causes an increased concentration of and sensitivity to GA with respect to petiole elongation while in the intolerant R. acetosa ethylene reduces growth independent of GAs.
In order to investigate the growth of super-massive black holes (SMBHs), we construct the black hole mass function (BHMF) and Eddington ratio distribution function (ERDF) of X-ray-selected broad-line ...AGNs at z~1.4 in the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey field. In this redshift range, a significant part of the accretion growth of SMBHs is thought to be taking place. Black hole masses of X-ray-selected broad-line AGNs are estimated using the width of the broad MgII line and the 3000A monochromatic luminosity. We supplement the MgII FWHM values with the Ha FWHM obtained from our NIR spectroscopic survey. Using the black hole masses of broad-line AGNs at redshifts between 1.18 and 1.68, the binned broad-line AGN BHMF and ERDF are calculated using the Vmax method. To properly account for selection effects that impact the binned estimates, we derive the corrected broad-line AGN BHMF and ERDF by applying the Maximum Likelihood method, assuming that the ERDF is constant regardless of the black hole mass. We do not correct for the non-negligible uncertainties in virial BH mass estimates. If we compare the corrected broad-line AGN BHMF with that in the local Universe, the corrected BHMF at z~1.4 has a higher number density above 10^8 Msolar but a lower number density below that mass range. The evolution may be indicative of a down-sizing trend of accretion activity among the SMBH population. The evolution of broad-line AGN ERDF from z=1.4 to 0 indicates that the fraction of broad-line AGNs with accretion rate close to the Eddington-limit is higher at higher redshifts.
The recently developed navigation systems discussed in this paper include location detection using map-matching, map display, and improved man-machine interface functions, and are contained in a ...stand-alone system installed in passenger cars. The newest system uses a fiber optic gyroscope as a rotation rate sensor, and improved map-matching method to get high accuracy. As to driving guide information, the system can display road information from road side radio beacons, and can play CD-ROM discs based on CDCRAFT which is proposed in Japan as a common standard of CD format and application program for navigation systems.
In the summer of 1961, an outbreak of aseptic meningitis caused by Coxsackie B5 virus and to a lesser extent, by Coxsackie A9 virus took place in Aomori City and the adjacent rural communities. A ...total of 417 patients with aseptic meningitis in the epidemic were studied clinically and epidemiologically. Peak incidence was observed in July to August. Most patients distributed in infants and children under 10 years. The morbidity rate under 15 years of age was more than 500 per 100, 000 persons. The predominant clinical manifestations of this outbreak were aseptic meningitis. However, one pleurodynia caused by B5 virus and one fatal case of uncertain etiology were found. No paralytic poliomyelitis was observed during the epidemic period. No significant differences were noted between the clinical features of aseptic meningitis caused by B5 virus and those by A9 virus, except that abdominal pain was more predominant in the former. Laboratory findings revealed significant elevation of amylase levels in serum and/or urine in 30.9% of the cases with B5 virus infection and 23.0% of the cases with A9 virus infection. This suggested that pancreatic involvement was not rare in the infections caused by either B5 or A9 virus.
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