•The attraction, compromise, and similarity effects were replicated.•We investigated exactly how alternatives are compared against each other.•We recorded eye-movements during choice.•A pair of ...alternatives is compared on a single dimension in each comparison.•Psychological models of choice should be based on these pairwise comparisons.
In multi-alternative choice, the attraction, compromise, and similarity effects demonstrate that the value of an alternative is not independent of the other alternatives in the choice-set. Rather, these effects suggest that a choice is reached through the comparison of alternatives. We investigated exactly how alternatives are compared against each other using eye-movement data. The results indicate that a series of comparisons is made in each choice, with a pair of alternatives compared on a single attribute dimension in each comparison. We conclude that psychological models of choice should be based on these single-attribute pairwise comparisons.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The newly developed oligophenylenevinylene (OPV)‐based fluorescent (FL) chiral chemosensor (OPV‐Me) for the representative enantiomeric guest, 1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (1,2‐CHDA: RR‐ and ...SS‐form) showed the high chiral discrimination ability, resulting in the different aggregation modes of OPV‐Me self‐assembly: RR‐CHDA directed the fibrous supramolecular aggregate, whereas SS‐CHDA directed the finite aggregate. The consequent FL intensity toward RR‐CHDA was up to 30 times larger than that toward SS‐CHDA. Accordingly, highly enantioselective recognition was achieved. Application to the chirality sensing was also possible: OPV‐Me exhibited a linear relationship between the FL intensity and the enantiomeric excess through the morphological development of stereocomplex aggregates. These results clearly show that the chiral recognition ability is manifested by the amplification cascade of the chirality difference through self‐assembly.
Chiral recognition of a guest enantiomer has been achieved by self‐assembly of a fluorescent chiral chemosensor. The highly enantioselective recognition is due to the amplification of the small steric difference through self‐assembly into the macroscopic aggregation properties (see picture). This molecular assembly system is advantageous for chiral discrimination by the fluorescent sensing.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The integration of emotional information from the face and voice of other persons is known to be mediated by a number of "multisensory" cerebral regions, such as the right posterior superior temporal ...sulcus (pSTS). However, whether multimodal integration in these regions is attributable to interleaved populations of unisensory neurons responding to face or voice or rather by multimodal neurons receiving input from the two modalities is not fully clear. Here, we examine this question using functional magnetic resonance adaptation and dynamic audiovisual stimuli in which emotional information was manipulated parametrically and independently in the face and voice via morphing between angry and happy expressions. Healthy human adult subjects were scanned while performing a happy/angry emotion categorization task on a series of such stimuli included in a fast event-related, continuous carryover design. Subjects integrated both face and voice information when categorizing emotion-although there was a greater weighting of face information-and showed behavioral adaptation effects both within and across modality. Adaptation also occurred at the neural level: in addition to modality-specific adaptation in visual and auditory cortices, we observed for the first time a crossmodal adaptation effect. Specifically, fMRI signal in the right pSTS was reduced in response to a stimulus in which facial emotion was similar to the vocal emotion of the preceding stimulus. These results suggest that the integration of emotional information from face and voice in the pSTS involves a detectable proportion of bimodal neurons that combine inputs from visual and auditory cortices.
Anionic Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) and ether linkage‐enriched ammonium ions spontaneously self‐assemble into rectangular ultrathin nanosheets in aqueous media. The structural flexibility of the ...cation is essential to form oriented nanosheets; as demonstrated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. The difference in initial conditions exerts significant influence on selecting for self‐assembly pathways in the energy landscape. Photoillumination of the POM sheets in pure water causes dissolution of reduced POMs, which allowed site‐specific etching of nanosheets using laser scanning microscopy. By contrast, photoetching was suppressed in aqueous AgNO3 and site‐selective deposition of silver nanoparticles occurred as a consequence of electron transfer from the photoreduced POMs to Ag+ ions on the nanosheet surface.
Controlling energy landscapes: Polyoxometalates and ether linkage‐enriched ammonium ions spontaneously self‐assemble into rectangular, ultrathin nanosheets under controlled conditions in water. These nanosheets are reduced by photoillumination. Site‐specific photoetching and photodeposition of silver nanoparticles is demonstrated.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A novel tetraphenylethene‐based fluorescence (FL) chemosensor exhibits nonlinear turn‐on FL switching though cooperative binding of L‐tartarate, where its convergent binding to form cyclic ...substructures is responsible for the FL increase. This binding scheme achieves selective detection of dicarboxylates over monocarboxylates, thus is potentially applicable to the preliminary screening for metabolic disorders.
Not aggregation, but cyclization: A novel tetraphenylethene‐based fluorescence (FL) chemosensor exhibits nonlinear turn‐on FL switching through cooperative binding of L‐tartarate. The convergent binding to form cyclic substructures is responsible for the FL increase (see graphic). This binding scheme achieves selective detection of dicarboxylates over monocarboxylates, thus being potentially applicable to preliminary screening for metabolic disorders.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Dying on the inside: Functional dye molecules can be adaptively encapsulated in coordination nanoparticles (CNPs) of nucleotides and lanthanide ions in the course of their formation in water (see ...picture). Dyes confined in CNPs are conformationally restricted and surprisingly stable against molecular oxygen. These properties should be favorable for the development of light‐harvesting CNPs.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Oligophenylenevinylene (OPV)‐based fluorescent (FL) chemosensors exhibiting linear FL responses toward polyanions were designed. Their application to FL sensing of glycosaminoglycans (heparin: HEP, ...chondroitin 4‐sulfate: ChS, and hyaluronic acid: HA) revealed that the charge density encoded as the unit structure directs the mode of OPV self‐assembly: H‐type aggregate for HEP with 16‐times FL increase and J‐type aggregate for HA with 93‐times FL increase, thus unexpectedly achieving the preferential selectivity for HA in contrast to the conventional HEP selective systems. We have found that the integral magnitude of three factors consisting of binding mechanism, self‐assembly, and FL response can amplify the structural information on the target input into the characteristic FL output. This emergent property has been used for a novel molecular recognition system that realizes unconventional FL sensing of HA, potentially applicable to the clinical diagnosis of cancer‐related diseases.
An unexpectedly selective fluorescent (FL) chemosensor for hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed, where structural information on the target critically directs the mode of chemosensor self‐assembly leading to the characteristic FL response (see picture). This system is potentially applicable to the clinical diagnosis of functional disorders such as cancer‐related diseases involving the overexpression of HA.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In our bodies, a slight pH change causes remarkable activation or serious damage in the biological processes and continuously keeps biological homeostasis. Detection of such a slight pH change has ...been a constant demand in searching for unusual biological events. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel pH sensory system that has been achieved through a combination of charge neutralization by a slight pH change with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE). We selected a cyano‐functionalized oligo(phenylene‐vinylene) (cyanoOPV) backbone for AIE and introduced ammonium‐tethered boronic acid groups as a pH‐dependent function. The self‐assembling of these dyes (OPV‐Cn) was readily achieved by pH‐dependent charge neutralization at the neutral pH region. This sensory system showed unusually sensitive pH responsiveness in a narrow pH range. Moreover, this pH change was observed in a biologically important neutral pH region. We therefore believe that this system is broadly applicable to detect the slight pH change occurring in the biological events.
A novel pH sensory system can be designed through a unique combination of charge neutralization by a slight pH change with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE). This sensory system showed unusually sensitive pH responsiveness in a narrow pH range. Moreover, this pH change was observed in a biologically important neutral pH region.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Polyoxometalates SiM12O40(4-) (M = Mo(VI), W(VI)) and hemicyanine-derived chiral amphiphiles self-assemble in organic media where intermolecular interactions between POMs and hemicyanine units differ ...depending on the constituent metal ion species: this information is amplified to distinct spectral and self-assembling characteristics.
Sequential sampling of evidence, or evidence accumulation, has been implemented in a variety of models to explain a range of multialternative choice phenomena. But the existing models do not agree on ...what, exactly, the evidence is that is accumulated. They also do not agree on how this evidence is accumulated. In this article, we use findings from process-tracing studies to constrain the evidence accumulation process. With these constraints, we extend the decision by sampling model and propose the multialternative decision by sampling (MDbS) model. In MDbS, the evidence accumulated is outcomes of pairwise ordinal comparisons between attribute values. MDbS provides a quantitative account of the attraction, compromise, and similarity effects equal to that of other models, and captures a wider range of empirical phenomena than other models.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
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